Organizational Characteristics Essay

This paper will describe the culture and the plaqueal characteristics of a chosen organization, Publix Supermarkets. Detailed through out will be the common characteristics of the organization as it operates on a day to day basis. Specific solelyy the carcass based on individual units, rules and norms expected of the associates and supervisors as easy as the hierarchy will be established for the reader to garner a better intellect. Furthermore, the parley net whole caboodle, organizational orientation, approaches to and by leaders members, as well as the decision making and communication procedures put forth by members of prudence will be analyzed. This paper will describe which 4 of these listed characteristics atomic number 18 most influenced by communication between members and levels of Publix Supermarkets. The author has been employ with this supermarket ambit for more than 7 years and has ample knowledge and understanding on the organization as a whole.Common Character istics of an Organization Publix Supermarkets is a grocery fund chain unlike many others for a variety of reasons. Founded in 1930 in Winter overhearn, Florida by George W. Jenkins, Publix is known for its guest first automated teller machine and pleasurable shopping have. The grocery chain whose motto states they will neer knowingly disappoint their customers operates in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee and currently has more than gibibyte p bentages in operation (Publix.com).Jenkins supermarket chain has continued to grow on their customer congenial business sense. Publix has since exit a Fortune 500 partnership and is privately held and owned by its employees. For as well as they discreetness their customers, the chain treats its associates and management staff just as well if not better. Publix giveers who have been with the company a base number of years collar shares of shop for either 1000 hours worked, and can purchase more shares of stock at a lmost any time during a given year. The grocery chain is also well known for its high ranking employee benefits and manipulation in the employment world. Rules/Norms (Written and Unwritten)Outside of the w all(prenominal)oping green P logo, the Publix aura is what customers relate to with the chain more than anything else. Communication with customers is a major summation in following correct Publix protocol. The smiling helpful associates, open stores, and consumer friendly set up of product is where Publix truly prides itself as an organization. Each experience ends with a friendly cashier and bagger, and the bagger will al fashions pull in the customer to their vehicle and help load product into the car for them. guess it or not this all relates to performance evaluations that are done quarterly, where associates are evaluated on their behavior amongst the customers. Customer intimacy is something Publix excises genuinely seriously.The Publix image extends onto its asso ciates as well. All employees are expected to show up to work on time and be clean shaven in just clean uniform attire. Each division and assembly line class has their own particular proposition uniform however all include proper hygiene, reasonable hairstyling, and proper equipment to perform their tasks to better serve the shoppers. Publix is an organization that understands how to call forth their brand by utilizing all available options to do so. Clean stores and clean happy associates promote the Publix Way. This plays a major role in nonverbal communication between Publix associates and their customers.Aside from dress code and customer relations, two major elements, at that place are many other standards Publix employees are held to. A easily exemplification of one unwritten Publix rule would be communication between associates when out on the sales floor during business hours must be respectful, and if at all possible must include the customer. Also, outside from posi tive communication both verbal and nonverbal with customers and fellow associates employees are expected to pass away both effectively and respectfully with management teams as well. HierarchyThe Publix store level hierarchy is something that runs seemingly parallel in each department throughout the store. Each department and sub department have their chain of command as follows part time associates, full time associates, companion department glide byler, and department manager. The two major departments, grocery and customer service, have the most associates, in order to better supervise their employees in that respect is a position called a team leader that fits into the hierarchy between the full time associates and the management team.Publix is a company that only promotes from within. This is a big selling point for associates and applicants alike. Knowing that the opportunity for advancement is always there is a major asset for the associates in the store. Communications between the disparate levels of the chain of command are fluid. The associates can go to their department managers, or team leaders, with any concern or idea. The department managers at store level then communicate with the stores assistant manager and store manager about the associates ideas and concerns. Communication NetworksThe learning Publix gathers through their retail channels is usually data based on product analysis and placement that they can pass down to the management teams at store levels to assess further. Ultimately the store will pull away the advice of corporate and try to taper the information in the way it works most effectively for each store. Each store can take the same information and depict it differently. Information about new products, events, or openings may not influence all stores, or influence them all at the same level.There are times, during major events like hurricanes, holidays, or back to school time, where Publix store level employees must ta ke the information sent to them by corporate including sales figures and forecasts in order to arrive at the proper displays and floor models for customers to browse. Having product out that customers take interest in can help drive sales. The communication between the different levels of Publix Supermarkets goes hand in hand with communication networks at the store level. Leadership ApproachesA major tool in the line of communication at Publix is how they allow for anyone who is willing to step up and be a leader, do so. When every associate feels that sense of empowerment in their employment it urges them to lead in a different way, work harder and do a better job to lead by example. Publix pushes their associates to be role models both in the stores, and in the community. The management teams are in place to ensure guidelines are followed, solely showing bore leadership through positive communication kernel so much more.Communicating with leaders is always a positioning asso ciates take very seriously in any industry or business. This is no different in the retail world at Publix. Associates character their concerns and feelings to their leaders, whether it be management, team leaders, or even fellow associates who take on the responsibility of leading a specific group. At Publix supermarkets the communication had with leadership is always something associates should come away from feeling they were heard out and understood, good virtue for any organization to sustain. ConclusionPublix through the years has become one of the most widely respected organizations in America. This is due to the quality product and customer service put out the grocery chain, scarce also playing a role in the respect promoter is the culture of the organization. This of course starts at store level and works its way to the corporate ranks, and is in large part to do with positive, effective communication. Publix supermarkets are known throughout the world a company that is great to work for, just as much as they are to shop at. done utilizing all of the common communication characteristics Publix has continued to promote a very associate friendly atmosphere through the years. The supermarket chain takes pride in the fact that each associate understands their value to their company and takes pride in hiring quality applicants. Publix utilizes its rules and norms, hierarchy, communication networks, and strong leadership approach in all day to day activities in order to remain a favored industry leader.

Fundamental Breach According to the Cisg

Article 25 A break of pact committed by one of the parties is fundamental if it results in much(prenominal) detriment to the other troupe as straightforwardly to deprive him of what he is entitled to expect to a lower place the recoil, unless the party in breach did not foresee and a commonsensible person of the same kind in the same circumstances would not induct foreseen such a result. (CISG 1980) Used when One of the parties suffers damages re give birthable to a breach of contract. The breach becomes fundamental when it is due to the other parties brand.This bind could be interpreted as to whether or not the breaching party was censurable of any form of neglect which ca physical exertiond the damages. If they could get down prevented the damages, by handling reasonably, they atomic number 18 guilty of a fundamental breach of contract. persona Tribunal greet of Arbitration of the ICC issue 7531 of 1994 sellers Country China (defendant) purchasers Country Austria (claimant) Goods involved Scaffold fittings Summary of the case The complainant bought 80. 00 scaffold fittings from the Chinese vender. Upon delivery it turned out a substantial amount of the fittings were of inquisitive graphic symbol. The vendee was scarce able to sell the goods part and at a reduced price. Sorting out the good ones from the bad ones would have added an estimated third of the purchase-price. The Tribunal ruled in favour of the plaintiff as an important part of the fittings did not conform to the sample which thus resulted in a fundamental breach of contract.What was the effect of Article 25 It was proven that the plaintiff had suffered substantial damages due to the breach of contract. This enabled him to determination art 25 and sue for damages. ? Article 35 (1) The seller must deliver goods which are of the quantity, quality and description unavoidable by the contract and which are contained or incase in the manner postulate by the contract. 2) E xcept where the parties have agreed otherwise, the goods do not conform with the contract unless they (a) are fit for the calculates for which goods of the same description would ordinarily be utilize (b) are fit for any particular single-valued function expressly or impliedly made known to the seller at the beat of the conclusion of the contract, draw off where the circumstances show that the buyer did not rely, or that it was unreasonable for him to rely, on the sellers skill and judgement (c) possess the qualities of goods which the seller has held out to the buyer as a sample or model (d) are contained or packaged in the manner usual for such goods or, where there is no such manner, in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. 3) The seller is not liable under subparagraphs (a) to (d) of the preceding paragraph for any insufficiency of pact of the goods if at the time of the conclusion of the contract the buyer knew or could not have been unaware of such lack o f conformity. (CISG 1980) Used when This bind is used when the goods delivered are not fit for the purpose intended for them or when they are not of the same quality as the sample provided by the seller. They also need to be packed in a manner adequate to preserve and protect the goods. If they are not fit for purpose due to adequate packing, this the sellers fault. Note though that fitness for purpose is a broad term. For instance if meat has been purchased by a butcher in France he might deem the goods unfit as he meant to use them for Kosher meat. This does not count as the seller could not have foreseen this, unless it was mentioned.When selling it to a butcher in Israel however, the seller could have/ should have known these requirements. In fitness for purpose we look at the amount quality required for products, unless expressly mentioned otherwise. Case Tribunal Bundesgerichthof (Federal Supreme Court) Case VIII ZR 159/94 Sellers Country Switzerland (Plaintiff) emptors Cou ntry Germany (Defendant) Goods involved New Zealand Mussels Summary of the case In this case the buyer bought mussels from a Swiss seller the buyer subsequent found they contained a cadmium level higher than the German wellness authorities allowed. at that placefore he was not allowed to sell and he refused to pay due to a lack of conformity.The courts decided that though the cadmium levels in the mussels was higher than allowed in Germany, they were still eatable and did meet the standard required by the Swiss health authorities. It was therefore decided that the goods were of the required quality and the buyer should have mentioned the maximum cadmium levels allowed. What was the effect of Article 35 In this case it meant that the products did meet the required standard for quality of goods and the buyer had to pay for the products. ? Article 36 (1) The seller is liable in pact with the contract and this Convention for any lack of conformity which exists at the time when the d anger passes to the buyer, even though the lack of conformity becomes apparent only subsequently that time. 2) The seller is also liable for any lack of conformity which occurs after the time indicated in the preceding paragraph and which is due to a breach of any of his obligations, including a breach of any guarantee that for a period of time the goods will remain fit for their ordinary purpose or for some particular purpose or will obtain specified qualities or characteristics. (CISG 1980) Used when The goods sold initially seem to be in good order, however after some time a lack of quality shows. This is only viable when the reason for this is due the sellers fault (e. g. When cars are sold and the paint starts to faint a month after the buyer obtained them, this could be the sellers fault due to using the wrong paint). CaseTribunal Bundesgerichtshof Federal Supreme Court Case VIII ZR 67/04 Sellers Country Belgium (Plaintiff) Buyers Country Germany (Defendant) Goods involved snappy Pork Summary of the case The buyer bought the goods to sell them on into Bosnia- Herzegovina. There were to be three deliveries of pork. In between deliveries a new regularisation was enacted in Germany (due to concerns regarding contamination of the meat) which stated that Belgian pork was no weeklong marketable unless a health certificated was provided. The defendants refuse to pay after they had been prohibited to resale the meats, which were then taken by customs and ultimately given over of.The plaintiff argued that the risk had passed to the buyer when the goods were transported and therefor was liable for the events that took place. The court held however, that if the concerns were regarding to the injuriousness of the foodstuff to human health, the goods cannot be sold and therefor lack the required fitness for purpose. What was the effect of Article 36 Art 36 could be used in this case because the meat would already have been polluted upon leaving the seller. Des pite the fact that it was not detected until much later, when the risk had already passed to the buyer, the seller was still responsible as it was an initial breach of contract. ? Reference List CISG 1980, United Nations, Accessed 26th of march 2013, http//www. cisg. law. pace. edu

Are You a Good Communicator

argon You a Good communicator? Are you A Good Communicator ? Sharice Vanlanham HCA/230 3/31/2013 Robert Smiles, PhD. Effective perceive learnings ar an asset in our professional and in the flesh(predicate) relationships. The wellnessy news is that with the right bang how and a little practice, these skills disregard be create. By Marian K, 2011. Communication combines both speaking and listening, and in that location is no point of one without the other. If you only send out go clear up messages, but fail to receive and comprehend them, and then you failed to communicate effectively.For equitable intercourse, you need both good speaking and effective listening skill. For instance effective listening strategies involve putting in trust a number of practices to start an effort to hamper out distractions and focusing on what the speaker is saying. Also effective listening consist of understanding and correctly interpreting body language which is all important(pred icate) because the message can only be interpreted correctly when it is authorized along with the body language in soul. In order to developed effective listening skills, a individual must put the higher up mentioned points into practice.One can play out effective listening activities, such as role plays, with a friend to help you practice effective listening. feature interpersonal relationships are important in the health misgiving perseverance because effective communicating in health care is crucial for health care professionals. According to Joey Papa contributor, interpersonal conversation must be clear, thorough and comprehensive. The health care industry survived on collaborate communication efforts between doctors, books, specialists, insurance companies and many other single(a)s. Interpersonal communication is the glued that holds industry together. It provides a safeguard of customer satisfaction and can block a medical exam mistake with huge repercussions. In fact communication is an essential key ingredient in todays medical field, as numerous professionals and patients strive to variant a trusting and blossom out relationship with each other. The main purpose is for one to build the kind of relationship that result in improved patient care and outcomes. Therefore listening and empathizing response skills, enables us to respond to patients and others in a caring and respectful manner.Defensive relationships is defined as that behavior which occurs when an individual perceives threat or anticipates threat in the group. Defense input prevents the listener from concentrating upon the message, not only do defensive communicators send off multiple value, motive and affect cues, but also defensive recipients colour in what they receive. As a person becomes more and more defensive, he or she becomes less able to receive the motives and values and emotions of the sender.For example A rude doctor directly challenge a nurse question idea s or knowledge in mankind while devaluing the nurses knowledge. Supportive communication is when communication emphasizes a problem or a situation and its potential solution or possible changes, in instead of focusing on the other person involved and their personal traits or characteristics, by taking that approach, the communication can be more effective because the other person doesnt look as defensive. Supportive communication is better to use in the health care field because it requires a non-judgmental attitude.The person your speaking with should know she can express her feelings without fear of condemnation or retaliation, also its good for health care because its practices empathy, so the person you are discourseing to understands what are situations is and what he or she is going through and when a patient becomes more friendly and warm to trust enough to talk to. Assertive communication is a form of behavior characterized by a confident declaration or affirmation of sta tement without need of proof, this affirms the persons rights or points of view without either aggressively threatening the rights of another.Assertive behavior is most likely appropriate in health care because it helps professionals feel good about themselves and others, and leads to the development of respect with others while increasing self-esteem. victimization assertive communication in the work environment helps reduce accentuate on others and it protects patients from being taken advantage of by nurses or doctors along reducing anxiety. We all use assertive communication behavior at times, yet being trained in assertive communication ontogenesis appropriate behavior towards others. Reference www. buzzle. com www. healthy. net

Women Have Evolved

Women give way come a long route in the States. They used to non be adequate to vote or stand alone with major decision that had to be made. Now they be so many advantages for women living in our society and outright give thanks god these advantages be now rights to women of the States. Women in the USA restrain interpreted advantage of these new right and exceled with them to become better individuals. Women in America have advantages because there atomic number 18 now contraceptives to prevent pregnancy, more women are able to go to school and get education, women now hold their admit jobs and women are getting married at an sr. age because they are now in expectent.Contraceptives have become a must have for women in the United States. This great for American women because in past there were no contraceptives, women would get married and have many children because lack of birth instruction for them. Some women would have what they call mistakes, because of one night s tands and be stuck with a baby they were not ready for. Women are now able with the serve well contraceptive to choose when they deprivation to get pregnant and when they just want to wait till the time is right.Women have took advantage of being able to control getting pregnant and are now having children at older age, when they feel more mature and ready to have children. Women used to have to stay home in take care of their children. Most women in America would be lucky if they were even able to get a high school diploma. Men back in the days did not want their woman to further their education, but now with new advantages women have started excelling and going to college.They started to realize that they could still have a family and graduate from college. Women are taking their education seriously and now succeeding in college collectible being given the privileged attend college. As stated by whitehouse. gov Womans gains in educational attainment have importantly outpaced th ose of men over the last 40 years (para 5). Woman cost in this economy had started to become recognized in the United States. more women have started graduating from ollege and not stopping at high school because of get-go a family. Because our society have given woman a take place to get a higher education there scores on test , classes and graduated rates have passed up the men in America. The Economist wrote Women in the United States earned 60%of university degrees in America(para 3). Now that women are able to work and not told to stay at home and watch after their children they are doing good in the work force and able to obtain work that before was only able to be obtained by a man.The Economist stated They run some of the foundings best companies, such as PepsiCo, Archer Daniels Midland and W. L. jury (Para 3). Women are more independent with having their own jobs and do not depend on men to take care of them. Some women have had to tonicity to the plate so that they could have a two income home and render in this new society in America. According to the Economist Women now make up almost half of American workers (49. 9% in October)(para3).

SWOT analysis for G-shock watch from Casio Essay

StrengthIn the SWOT analysis of G-shock watch from Casio, aptitude of G-shock watch from Casio is an important element. Firstly, we k instantaneously that G-shock, Baby-G, Edifice and Pathfinder are sub- deformitys of Casio they give birth targeted for a different group and marketed accordingly. Those stains targeting group are urban focal ratio middle class c completelyowness. They have targeting it with clear and focused. Plus, the positioning of Casio is watches that are engine room advanced. Because Casio most prevalent product is watches and it already concepted worlds first liquid crystal display watches with having a full auto calendar. Other brand might not have those technologies yet, but Casio already have it. in a flash a solar day, people love much for LCD engineering science product, for ideal LCD TV, LCD laptop, LCD desktop and others. That is why the Casio designed LCD watches and it very popular now.There is many other innovations are equivalent with the Casio image. In addition, we net recognise that Casio has focus on sponsored events in the commonwealth of swordplays and also we can found a draw poker of athlete in G-shock from Casios advertisement. That is because G-shock watches have a standardised last with those sports watches and sponsored events in the area of sports and use an athlete in their advertisement can prove beneficial to the brand image. The most important is, G-shock watches from Casio are cheaper if comparing to others brands but have an excellent quality.People now a day always prefer cheaper product with a good quality, and it is suitable for youth today because youth have low income. Casio brand can bear so long and popular in today because it is protected with 1986 registered trademarks in 187 countries around the world. We can slang the Casio everywhere around the world. This is also the causality of why it is popular, because virtually every countries around the world recognize G-shock watches from Casio. helplessnessFor G-shock watches from Casio, we found that it more like a watches brand than electronics brand. Almost all the watches have the same function, but on the nose a different design and style, from here we can see that G-shock watches from Casio have put a lot of effort for designing the watches but not doing an innovation to improve the technology of the watch. We also can see thatthey have a different color watches and famous athlete in their advertisement but not a high technology watches in their advertisement. In my opinion, designing watches is not that simple-minded like but for the appearance. Because G-shock watches from Casio are focusing in their watchs appearance.OpportunityG-shock watches from Casio have a devise design and style, it means that it has an hazard to tied up with those fashion house and sponsoring events. For example, G-shock has produce watches that with a Starbucks logo and design. Not only the Starbuck, there is a lot of fa shion house like to cooperate with G-shock watches from Casio. Now a day, we can see that many famous athletes have have on G-shock watches, and many models like to wearing it because of it fashion design and style. As what I am saying at the strength of G-shock from Casio, G-shock from Casio have targeting youth today, and it is very successful because we can see that youths today are really attracted by G-shock from Casio because of it fashion design and style. ace more reason that G-shock watches from Casio is attractive because it have a similar function as the old style sport watches.ThreatG-shock watches are popular right now, but it also having threat. We know that G-shock is a sub brand of Casio, so they might face threat of counterfeit Casio product. Not only Casio, other sub-brands like baby-G, Edifice, Pathfinder also produce watches, and the appearance from those sub-brands has almost similar to G-shock. Not only the appearance, they also produce sport watches and digi tal watches, even the function also similar to the G-shock brand. In addition, there is 1 more threat that G-shock might be faced, that is competition in watches with the sport look in the market is heavily populated, that is because not only G-shock having a sport look watches in the wide market. Like what Im saying that is a lot of brands that having those sport look watches and also having the similar function as sport watches. So that is hard to populate if scarcely having a sport look watches. To solve this threat, we can found that G-shock now has trying to develop and designing other type watches that not just only sport look.

Examine Sociological Theories Essay

discover sociological theories that explain the ethnic dimension to crime and deviance (21 marks) late statistics show that subdued people argon five times to a greater extent credibly to be in prison than whites. Ethnic groups are heavy over represented in prisons. Waddington et al investigated whether ethnic groups were targeted by the law and whether they were treated unfairly. Waddington et al concluded that these ethnic minorities were stopped and searched more be stick they were bulge out on the street at the time.His research could be criticised because he unaccompaniedsome(prenominal) interviewed the practice of law, he didnt interview the groups that were treated by the police. This would result in the police possibly lieing and saying that they treat the black people rightful(prenominal) as equally as they treat white people. Phillips and Bowling would protest with Waddington et al as they believe that the over policing of ethnic neighbourhoods creates resent ment. After the remainder of Stephen Lawrence the McPherson report stated that poor black areas were over policed but chthonian protected.This would again back up Phillips and Bowling and their theory of over policing in poor black areas. This angers the people in these poor areas because of the fact that the police are only targeting them for certain crimes such as drugs. The report states that they go forth randomly pick on a working line black male rather than someone else for a stop and search as they believe these people are more likely to be prop drugs. This leaves the rest of the people under protected because the police arent concentrating on other crimes such as robbery or assault.Skolnick believes that most police stereotype the childlike black male as being a typical offender. He says that these stereotypical impressions come from the canteen culture and it is this belief that backs up Phillips and Bowling, as they would say that this belief would lead to the over p olicing in the poor black areas. Drabble investigated whether black people were treated unfairly in the courts. He engraft that blacks were more likely to be charged with more serious forms of offence than whites, whites were more likely to be cautioned whereas blacks were more likely to be prosecuted.This is evidence of institutional racism mentioned in the McPherson report. Hood found that black people were more like to receive custodial sentences even so though other punishments such as fines and community service were operable alternatives. Fitzgerald researched ethnic minority street crime in London. He interviewed young ethnic minority offenders and their mothers and found that the high the levels of deprivation in an area, the higher(prenominal) the levels of crime.It is a statistic that Afro Caribbean households are more likely to be headed by lone parent families, which then results in higher crime in the family. This relate in with Charles Murray who said that lone pa rent families would result in higher chances of failure at score and therefore higher chances of them hitching to crime. It in any case links in with left realism and Jock Young and keister Leas theory of relative deprivation. They say that people confide crime when they feel deprived, the media stresses the importance of economic goods and some will turn to crime to get these goods.They also say marginalisation is a fountain for the increase in crime because of young black men are made to feel on the edge of society with nobody to stalemate up for them, this causes frustration and resentment which leads to crime being committed. These reasons then cause an increase in subcultures or gangs and therefore an increase in crime. all(prenominal) of these researchers could be criticised as they reinforce stereotypes of the young black male as well as not looking at white, middle class crime. This would then link in with Marxism and the fact that the upper class are being treated mo re fairly with crime they commit than the lower class.

Comparing the Poem “Richard Corey” with Money and Happiness

Do specie and happiness go together? In the poem Richard Corey , the author wants the reader to think or accept the elicitation that notes does not bring you happiness. There atomic number 18 different quite a little in the public eye who would founder you think, no, money does not make you prosperous. Then there ar people in the public look that you would think, yes, money can make a soul happy. But, does money in reality make you happy? Well, person whollyy I feed never been rich. I was poor and now I have enough money to present and conduct bills so that I am not living tolerate check to pay check.There argon famous people who be wealthy. They have drug problems, alcohol issues, and behavioral issues with the law. They ar not happy. When you have a drug or an alcohol problem then you are running from deep-rooted issues. Look at Charlie Sheen, Whitney Houston, Elvis Presley, Kat Williams and more other(a)s. These people have either died from overdoses or have be en in extend with the law from either alcohol or drug related problems. I get dressedt think all the money in the instauration would have make or make them happy.If anything, money was a concisely term solution to their problems. Would they act the same if they were poor? There are people like Oprah Winfry, Beyonce Knowles, Jay-z, Michele Obama, and many more that you would think that money made these people happy. They all go on trips, have nice houses, and they are not in the spotlight of the media for any drug, alcohol, or negative publicity. They are always smiling and they are family and friend oriented. So is it the money that makes them happy? I feel we will never know. I am distant from having a lot of money.My husband and I live comfortably with the money we make. We work together to bring in the money to support our kids. My husband works really hard at his job. Are we happy? Yes, we are very happy. Its not because of the money though. We make all(prenominal) other happy. We are surrounded by our family and friends. Its the love we have for our kids, family, and each other that makes us happy. It was not always like that for me though. With my ex-husband, we were living pay check to pay check. We always were broke and needed help from family all the time.My ex-husband did not want to work and put all the idiom to take care of everything on me. Was I happy? No, hence the originator he is my ex-husband. It was not because of the money though. It was because my ex-husband was like black poop that smothered me and stressed me out so much. In conclusion, I dont think money can make a person happy for the long haul. I feel that kind of happiness is for that moment. moneymaking(a) things are only there for that moment. All I know is money is not the reason for my happiness. We all have our own reasons for our own happiness. What is yours?

Disease in the News Critical Appraisal

There has been a rise in the upshot of cases of human immunodeficiency virus/ support in manpower who have sex with men in the US. Trends suggest that between the years 2001 to 2004, the number of human immunodeficiency virus/ back up cases is rising in African American and Hispanic populations comp atomic number 18d to the White population. The endurance rates after 3 years were the lowest for men belong to the African American and the Hispanic community compared to the White community. Since, the year 1999, in that location has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/ support curiously in men who have sex with former(a) men.The word is a thoroughly peer-reviewed journal suggesting that the information is current, evidence-based, validated and researched carefully. The authors of the article include Hall, H. I. , Byers, R. H. , Ling, Q. , and Espinoza, L. They counterfeit for the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, which is a unit of the Center for indisposition Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, US. The journal has given the details including the contact telephone and the email ID of the authors thus permitting clearance of queries and doubts. The authors are well versed and undergo in the field of HIV/AIDS.Hall and Byers have completed their PhD, Ling has do MS, and Espinoza has completed DDS. The authors are from mingled groups, and hence they would express the problems of these groups in their work. individually of the authors has played a different role in bringing bug out the journal. The writing, origin of the report card, designing of the study, review and the interpretation has been done by Hall. major(ip) contributions of the writings and modeling of the data has been done by Byers. Ling has performed abbreviation of the data and the data progression details.Espinoza has done the interpretation and discussion of the data. As this study was just to the highest degree collecting data and not do a clinical trial, it did not involv e following a protocol. The article has been broken into various subtopics including abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion and references. Credential web sites such as Pub med and the CDC have also cited the article. The article is active the diagnosis of HIV in the male transgendered population, and determining the rate at which the ailment progresses.The researchers are interested on working with this topic as full(prenominal)ly active antiretroviral therapy ( drug cocktail) has seemed effective in delaying the symptoms of the disease and the development of fatal outcomes from the disease. In the 1990s, there was a reduction in the mortality rates arising from AIDS, collectable to development of HAART. This therapy is able to abridge the viral load. Since the year 1999, there has been a rise in the number of cases of HIV/AIDS due to the plus in homosexual men amongst certain segments of the population.Another indicator of the trend of men having s ex with other men was the rise in the number of cases of lues in the male homosexual population. The cases of HIV/AIDS were especially high in men below the age of 30 years. In other parts of the world, the results obtained from similar studies were different. For example, in the UK, it was found that the high incidences of HIV/AIDS were observed in men who had sex with men between the ages of 25 to 44. The incidences of HIV/AIDS increased in higher numbers in the African-American and Latin populations compared to the Whites.It was about 10 and 3 times higher. in the first place this study was conducted, HIV/AIDS was not detected in a high proportion of the study model. The Whites were more aware of their HIV perspective compared to the Hispanics and the African-American population. This suggests that the Whites are more likely to start HAART smart and develop better outcomes with the disease. The data was collected for this study by the HIV surveillance system in place. Several statistical methods such as Poisson regression was utilized to determine the HIV diagnosis rates.The study present that higher rates of HIV/AIDS were observed in homosexual men belonging to African-American and Hispanic background compared to other segments of the population. Besides, the pick rates after 3 years was also lower the identical populations. HIV progressed faster in Hispanics and African population. The article talks about a specific population, namely the homosexual men. The geographical area of this study was limited to the get together States. However, the results of the study were compared to other countries such as the United Kingdom.The various ethnic groups that were studied included Hispanics, African-American and Whites. The CDC performed the study. The article does start out claims of the treatment. In this case, it is HAART to treat HIV/AIDS. HAART plays a major role in reducing the mortality and morbidity from HIV. The study picks up some evidence avai lable from 1996-1999 in which HAART was utilized to reduce the transmitting of HIV infection. This may be in the fact that HAART helps to reduce the viral load in infected people.The article speaks of the current emphasis given to the Governments Healthy People 2010 policy, and the need to reduce the transmission of HIV infection. The article also aims to reduce the transmission of HIV/AIDS in the homosexual male population especially. There are various strategies suggested for treatment including prevention, early diagnosis, HAART therapy, etc. The article has used about 48 current and relevant journals written by authors whose credentials are also good. The user can access the abstract of the references by clicking on the link provided.ReferencesEspinoza, L., Hall, H. I., Campsmith, M. L. et al (2005), Trends in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses 33 States, 20012004, CDC MMWR, 54(45), 1149-1153. http//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ trailer/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htmHall, H. I., Byers, R. H., Ling, Q. et al (200 7), Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV preponderance and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States. AJPH, 97(6), 1060-1066. http//www.ajph.org/cgi/content/full/97/6/1060

The company I would like to talk about is Starbucks

A companys individual organizational structure is a formal composition of task and reporting relationships that allows the company to control, coordinate, and motivate employees so a common goal can be achieved (Bateman & Snell, 2009, p. 505). Starbucks last structure is a matrix structure to maximize communication. It was employ in 2008 to strengthen partnerships, and repair customer service. Starbucks has 4 divisions within the U. S. Each division has its own livelihood functions, which report to their own department and the division.The support functions are designed to unify functional activities into teams that have a shared vision and goals to support the disdain (Schultz, 2008, para. 10 ). Organization mission Starbucks mission is to inspire and nurture the benevolent spirit one person, one cup, and one neighborhood at a time. (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7 ). Starbuck is commited to be good to nation and the environment. They have implemented several programs to support co mmunities and coffee farmers.They also make donations to African communities to service of process people living with HIV. Fiscal Policies Starbucks has a very strong embodied social responsibility governance. All operations and reports are conformed to legal requirements obligate by the SEC and any other governmental agencies. Competition Today, with more than than 15,000 stores in 50 countries, Starbucks is the premier roaster and retailer of specialty coffee in the world (Starbucks, 2011, para. 7).Starbucks biggest competitors are Mcdonalds, 7-Eleven, Dunkin Donuts, and Caribou Coffee. However, Starbucks has managed to stay ahead because of the unique flavour of their coffee and their customer service. Economy The 2008 restructure implementation has helped Starbucks to overcome the planetary economic crisis. During this past fiscal year, revenues increased to a record $10. 7 billion. Operating income increased by $857 million from fi scal 2009 to $1. 4 billion (Schultz, 2011 , p. 3). customer demands Customers come to Starbucks for a unique coffee experience, personalized customer service. globalisation Starbucks has stores in 50 different countries. Communication can be thought-provoking when dealing with different cultures. Starbucks welcomes diversity. Starbucks believes that by welcoming a diversity of people and ideas to our business, we create more opportunities for learning and success that benefit customers, partners (employees) and suppliers (Starbucks, 2011, para. 5).

The hypothesis for this piece of coursework is “Exeter is dealing well with its traffic needs”

As shown in the maps on the previous page Exeter is a city in the southwesterly of England, with argonas like Dartmoor which is a national park nearby, Exeter is in like manner surrounded by towns and villages like Topsham, Exmouth, Starcross and Lympstone. At the moment Exeters population is around 111,000 but is forever and a day growing. Exeter has many a(prenominal) transport links, including two main mastermind post and a few much local ones, a successful mess service, many roads in and ad hook up with Exeter and an internationalistic airport.Exeters main train stations are Central station which is a few minute liberty chit to the city centre and St Davids station which is a 15-20 minutes walk or a few minute bus journey. Exeter has more local train station such as St Thomas train station, but these contrary the two main train stations which k like a shot trains which travel either around the country only have trains which travel to closer towns or cities. Exeter s main bus service which is Stagecoach, has many routes which enables you to travel around and in force(p) past the outskirts of Exeter, Stagecoach also have a Main bus station in Exeter which also has less frequent buses which travel get on to place all around England. The last transport link which Exeter has is Exeters international airport which as well as piloting chartered flights also fly scheduled flights around England. Exeters chartered flights dont only include defraud haul flights to places in Europe but have recently started to fly long haul flights to places like New York and Canada.Exeter has many roads surrounding and passing through it including the M5 which is a motor way which starts by Exeter and ends up by Birmingham, there is also many A roads neighbouring Exeter including A30 and the A38 which join at the start of the M5 and also the A377 which passes through Exeter and joins to the A30. Lastly there are several B roads including the B3212, B3183, B3123 and the B3183.As Exeters population is growing more and more people are driving and buying elevator cars this therefore increases Exeters car ownership and vocation problems, due to this increase in people and cars Exeters traffic needs are becoming more and more important. In places which have had the issue of congested roads and other traffic problems, traffic guidance strategies have already been tried, like in London they have now introduced a payment which has to be made for vehicles to be able to bewilder in the city centre.The roads which I give be focus on are Alphington passagewayCowick StreetExebridgeHigh StreetTopsham RoadThe roads and sector which I will be concentration in this investigation on are shown on a map opposite. The area which I will be primarily working with is in and around the city centre and is shaded in brown on the map, and all the roads except Topsham Road which I am concentrating on are shaded in redTo investigate this hypothesis I will be mainly working in and around the city centre, I will gestate questionnaires, take traffic counts and photos, send emails, and also use the internet. I will and so put the data into graphs and diagrams and do some calculations which will then tell me if my hypothesis is correct or not.

Due Diligence

referable assiduity is a somewhat technical foul foul phrase uptaked to describe a course of assignments, legal obligations, tales and spendigations which waste place in business, manufacturing and law. Its most frequently comprehend version is the matchless(prenominal) pertaining to business, where repayable persistence refers to the steps taken by meditation capitalists in advance commit a round of capital in a startup, the on-going investigation as to how the money be being distributed, or the preventative steps taken by a larger association in deciding to admit a smaller club.Sometimes the phrase is referred to as a capitalized proper nounDue constancy. The precise definition of callable industry varies between firmlys and organizations. In manufacturing for example, certain environmental requirements must be met, which are verified in an Environmental Site Assessment called a due intentnessreport. It consists of a checklist of ad hocations and sections f or open commentary. Ads by Google IT Due Diligence Experts Information & communication theory Technology Due Diligence. Munich www. oach. de Due Diligence Checklist manufacturing be 600+ pt checklist available for immediate download www. birds-eye. net Due Diligence world(a) offices Know-how, experience & resources i-fact compendium. om/due_diligence M&A Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions Business Sales, practice in atomic number 63 www. eleusis. eu Free Trading Webinar Learn how to use technical analysis to make better security trades. www. equis. com In surmisal capitalism,duediligenceinvolves looking into the previous(prenominal) and present of the people and building of a fraternity requestingventure funding. For instance, venture capitalists are wary of investing in companies that need people with credentials or a proven track record. Depending on the overall level of caution in the enthronisation environment at the time, aduediligenceinvestigation m ay be more or less stringent. Typically aventure capitalfirm provide capture a dozen or more investigators whose projection is to research specific details of the personal history of people in the company.With the Internet, researching a persons past associations and experience has never been easier, much to the delight of investing communities. Of course,duediligenceis not a panacea against investment failures. plane a company made up of well-educated high achievers tramp falterdueto unpredictable market conditions, unforeseen competition, or technical setbacks. Duediligencegenerally refers to the background checks conducted after a venture partner has already made a decision about the company.Typically, partners will prefer to invest in companies led by people they already know are very trustworthy, and probably have been given funds in the past. In law,duediligencerefers to precautions that are supposed to be taken by a person or company in some context. For example, did t he company thoroughly check their product beforehand to discover it was non-toxic or was not a strangulation hazard? If they do not, and worst results come of theirnegligence, they flush toilet be held criminally liable.Due DiligenceDuediligence is a somewhat technical phrase used to describe a range of assignments, legal obligations, reports and investigations which take place in business, manufacturing and law. Its most frequently heard version is the one pertaining to business, where duediligence refers to the steps taken by venture capitalists before investing a round of capital in a startup, the ongoing investigation as to how the funds are being distributed, or the precautionary steps taken by a larger company in deciding to acquire a smaller company.Sometimes the phrase is referred to as a capitalized proper nounDueDiligence. The precise definition of duediligence varies between firms and organizations. In manufacturing for example, certain environmental requirements must be met, which are verified in an Environmental Site Assessment called a duediligencereport. It consists of a checklist of specifications and sections for open commentary. Ads by Google IT Due Diligence Experts Information & Communications Technology Due Diligence. Munich www. oach. de Due Diligence Checklist Industry proven 600+ pt checklist available for immediate download www. birds-eye. net Due Diligence Worldwide offices Know-how, experience & resources i-factanalysis. om/due_diligence M&A Cross-Border Mergers & Acquisitions Business Sales, Invest in Europe www. eleusis. eu Free Trading Webinar Learn how to use technical analysis to make better security trades. www. equis. com In venture capitalism,duediligenceinvolves looking into the past and present of the people and structure of a company requestingventure funding. For instance, venture capitalists are wary of investing in companies that lack people with credentials or a proven track record. Depending on the overall level of caution in the investment environment at the time, aduediligenceinvestigation may be more or less stringent. Typically aventure capitalfirm will have a dozen or more investigators whose task is to research specific details of the personal history of people in the company.With the Internet, researching a persons past associations and experience has never been easier, much to the delight of investment communities. Of course,duediligenceis not a panacea against investment failures. Even a company made up of well-educated high achievers can falterdueto unpredictable market conditions, unforeseen competition, or technical setbacks. Duediligencegenerally refers to the background checks conducted after a venture partner has already made a decision about the company.Typically, partners will prefer to invest in companies led by people they already know are very trustworthy, and probably have been given funds in the past. In law,duediligencerefers to precautions that are supp osed to be taken by a person or company in some context. For example, did the company thoroughly check their product beforehand to ensure it was non-toxic or was not a strangulation hazard? If they do not, and bad results come of theirnegligence, they can be held criminally liable.

A Market Economy And In A Command Economy Economics Essay

Construction stintings is a nucleus topic to measuring Surveyors which leave use the science of it for future profession judgements. Quantity Surveying is besides k instantaneouslyn as Building Economist. T herefore, application of Economics is compulsory in excite welkin specially to be a qualified Surveyor.base replies larning go out function to cover eventant sum of capable country which I rely more effectual. The format of this assignment leave alone represent the same motion order as addicted in the appraisal standard and slightly electric rayheadings were added to give birthation intents to better the select of the do.1. Question ONEQ1.i Briefly explicate how precisely picks ar allocated in a securities industriousness Economy and in a Command Economy.A foodstuff frugal governance is an sparing lieu in which the production and dispersal of experts and services takes topographic point by dint of the mechanism of free markets led by a free fiscal protect governance. It is reciprocally good and exchange between consumers and Producers. Market economical system is besides known as free market economic system and free endeavour economic system regular(prenominal)ly a ask round system is connected with a socialist or communistic economic system. Largely, scarce resources argon owned by governance or province of the society. The regime allocates posits resources, tell of growing and marks of production inA to deal s wants.A The authorities go forth make up unmatcheds mind the distribution of reason out income and wealth. The market financial levers argon minimum renewing and queuing rations for scarce goods introduce be expected from such a system. scarceness is kind of tenseness between our limitless wants & A learns and the limited resources in the pla bread. In fitted production from limited resources to carry through the human wants and contracts are take a firm standing for this planetary issue.Produc tion of goods, inlet of goods and services in return for money is the basic construct of an economic system.Scarcity of resources shall non depend with the type of the economic system. In a bid economic system if a commercial set of such resources give the gate be pre determined, it would be low- apostrophize to everyone. However, the monetary value of such resource would be really high in a market economic system.Q1.ii See the undermentioned demand and supply informations of Product X.Price ( Rs. ) consider Quantity ( Units )Supply Quantity ( Units )109008020800one hundred eighty307002804060038050500480604005807030068080200780Table 1Use a graph paper to pull the demand and supply burns for Product X and find the followersMarket equilibrium monetary value Rs.51.00Market equilibrium measure 490 unit of measurementsGraph 1Q1.iii Explain the consequence of subsidies and receipts enhan cements utilizing the demand and supply curvesEffectss of subsidies Price $ /unitSupply Cur vesConsumption conduct CurvesS SubP s PhosphorusP sQ s QSecondGraph 2Supply curve will switch to the right in Subsidies on production until the perpendicular distance between the 2 curves is equal to the per unit subsidy.This will diminish monetary value paid by the consumers and maturation the monetary value received by the manuf get alongurers, when new(prenominal) things re primary(prenominal) equal.Otherwise, demand curve will switch to the right a subsidy on ingestion.This will diminish the monetary value paid by consumers. in any case it will increase the monetary value received by manufacturers by the same sum as if the subsidy had been imposed on the manufacturers, when other things remain equal,Although in this instance, the new market monetary value will be the monetary value received by manufacturers.The terminal consequence, erst more, is that no affair who is subsidized, the monetary values manufacturers and consumers face will be the same.The epitome of the conse quence of a subsidy is basically similar to enforcing a tax revenue enhancement.A subsidy is simply a negative revenue enhancement.Subsidy consequence will switch the supply curve downwards by the sum of the subsidy.Efficaciously this causes an addition in supply.Effectss of revenue enhancements opposition of a 50 cents Tax Levied on BuyersSupply S1pecuniary value of Ice Cream strobileMeasure of Ice Cream ConeEquilibrium without revenue enhancementEquilibrium with revenue enhancement$ 3.30$ 3.00$ 2.80 financial value purchasers payMonetary value withoutrevenue enhancementMonetary value Sellerss receive090100D1D2Graph 3Taxs are used to raise money for the authoritiesTaxs are reject market activityWhen a good is taxed, the measure s centenarian is short(p)Buyer and Sellerss portion the revenue enhancement loadWho bears the load of revenue enhancement the closeQ1.iv.a Briefly explain the undertaking appraisal rule of Net Present jimmy ( NPV ) methodThe Net Present Value of a undertaking is the amount of typify values of discounted benefits and costs ( A negative value provoke anticipate as the cost here )In general it is the difference among hard currency flows in present and future. Once the all future hard currency in subtraction, present hard currency out of the undertaking, the terminal consequence would give the NPV. NPV is a cardinal tool in discounted hard currency flow analysis to measure long-run undertakings and besides it is a standard method for utilizing the trot value of money.56bdc7353b83add5f8b9bf9ab910465e.pngWhen, t = the snip off of hard currency flow, one = monetary value reduction rate, Rt = net hard currency flowQ1.iv.b A structure company wishes to put digression adequate money today in an involvement bearing history to hold $ 100,000 five old ages from now for the purchase of a replacing piece of equipment. If the company can come 12 % involvement on the investing, how much should be set aside now to accrue the $ 100,000 five old ages from now?F = P ( 1 + I ) NP = F / ( 1+i ) NP = 100,000 / ( 1+0.12 ) 5= $ 56,742.69Q1.iv.c What is the one-year sedimentation that has to be made at the terminal of twelvemonth if Rs. 500,000 is to be accumulated later on 15 old ages at a bank where involvement rate is 7 % per annum?A = F i/ ( 1 + I ) n-1 A = 500,000 0.07/ ( 1 + 0.07 ) 15-1 A = Rs. 19,897.312. QUESTION TWOQ2.i Briefly explain the four market constructions you have studied.There are four classs of market construction personify in an economic sciences.Perfect StructuresMonopolistic CompetitionOligopolyMonopolyPerfect StructureThis is a conjectural economic system in which no consumer or manufacturer has any market power to take a firm stand the monetary values described perfect construction. This sort of market based on six premises.Atomicity.Homogeneity.Perfect and complete information.Equal accounting entry.Free entry.Individual purchasers and Sellerss act independentlyMonopolistic Competit ionMonopolistically Competition house acts similar a monopolizer. The house will be able to act upon the market monetary value of its merchandise by modifying the production rate of the merchandise.There are four sub features of a Monopolistic Competition market.Many consumers and manufacturers in a given marketNon-price differences among the rival s merchandises can be preserved by consumers.Barriers to entry and issue to the market.Degree of control over monetary value to manufacturersThe features of monopolistically competitory market are about the same as in perfect competition, with the freedom of heterogenous merchandises, and that monopolistic competition involves a long trade of non-price competition.OligopolyMarket or industry is dominated by a little figure of Sellerss in an Oligopoly market. The determination of one house influence, and are influenced by the determination of other houses. This involves higher hazard of collusion in markets and industries.MonopolyMonopo ly exists in an economic system when a specific person or endeavor has sufficient control over a peculiar service or merchandise. That will do to find the footings on which other persons shall hold entree to it significantly.Largely, in monopoly economic system, the authorities statute laws restrict to come in in to the monopoly market. In Sri Lanka, there was a period, where Shell gas had a monopoly control over domestic gas monetary values which the demand side suffers lot due to monetary value hiking.Q2.ii Do you recollect a monopoly is good for the society? In what peculiar state of affairs a monopoly would be appropriate? DiscussMonopoly economic system will non give a competitory monetary value for invitees for a good or service. This happen specially the control over the monopoly Markss retain with clubby sector. Therefore, clients largely suffer if the monopoly is under private sector control.However, an economic system over public sector control would do different stea d towards clients. Such organisation will stand as none net income organisations. The purpose is established towards public satisfaction. Railway section, postal service, toll roadstead are illustrations for monopoly services provides by the authorities for the inexpensive value.Q2.iii The undermentioned tabular array gives the labor input per 24 hours and the end product per twenty-four hours of a certain undertaking carried out by a Contractor. pure(a) the future(a) table demoing the contractor s economic costs. Assume the casual pay rate per worker is ?50Labour per twenty-four hours rig per twenty-four hoursFringy MerchandiseVariable appealAverage CostFringy Cost001555010.005021271008.335032081507.5050431112006.455054092506.255064663006.525075043507.005085224007.6950Table 2Pull the graph of variable cost curveGraph 4Pull the graph of fringy and mean cost curves ( on one graph )Graph 53. QUESTION THREEQ3.i In what port does the create industry differ from the fabrication i ndustry? Explain your reply with appropriate illustrations.Manufacturing tends to do the same merchandise over and over called as line production. But building makes a alone merchandise, one at a clip.Soap Manufacture would bring forth 100s of soaps per twenty-four hours and it would go on. But building a edifice is alone and a one end of 100s yearss attempt.Once the building work is completed, it moves to following location in a certain clip period. But Manufacturing is go oning in a lasting topographic point like mills, workshops or paces which will non alter the location clip to clip under normal fortunes.Builder will travel to new site after passing over the old undertaking to its proprietor. A undertaking for today could be in Galle whilst the following undertaking in following twelvemonth in Kandy to the same contractor.The building merchandise would devour a long clip before it reaches to concluding result. But fabricating is required short clip.To finish the southern freeway it took 12 old ages from Galle to Colombo. But to fabricate vehicle suites to go in main road may merely take few hours in a large Fabrication pace in JapanThe building industry is more consequence oriented. The client concern and ever insist to cargo area the consequence in to his demand. In fabrication industry, the client or end- user conflict is really rare. The fabrication industry is more with procedure oriented. The workers purpose is to substantiate the procedure, efficiency and efficaciously towards what they produce.Construction of a land grade edifice, client will name his squad to do certain the undertaking is existence de liered in to his demand. But in fabricating a computing machine, no 1 knows who is the terminal user or who is traveling to have it. So the quality is fixed and end-user must follow with on tap(predicate) quality.Potential change can be happened during building. But in fabrication is pre defined. So no alterations would go on unless otherwise, bri ng forthing a new merchandise with different marks.Typical house contraction, the proprietor may wants to alter the original design clip to clip. But in fabricating paracetamal tablet will neer alter its ingredients.Manufacturing points are off the shelf but building is non.An point which has been manufactured can be purchased from a store. But building undertaking would non be available due to mainly the cost of making so.Q3.ii Explain the importance of authorities interposition in the building industry with appropriate illustrations.Government intercession to the building industry is more of import due to Nemours grounds. In Sri Lanka, make for for Construction Training And Development ( ICTAD ) has been established as the regulative entire structure for Construction Industry. So it will do a clear image how Sri Lankan authorities has intervened to the industry.To do certain the building would non harm the environment and pubic As a consequence of improper building behaviours and Acts of the Apostless, it would potentially foul the environment and injury to the public public assistance. To supervise or to modulate such from building activities, it is compulsory engagement of authorities for building industry.To do certain the building is suite with town program As a consequence of hapless planning, the metropolis country would be supplying best service choices to public convenience. Therefore, it is of import the building site to follow with town program.To avoid corruptness and to do certain the terminal user or client gets the best value for his moneyConstruction is the most reasonable factor behind a development of a state. In the manner for development, the positive influence to promote the building by a authorities will do a important part towards a developed state.To do certain the authorities is gaining due revenue enhancements The main(prenominal) income for a authorities is revenue enhancements. Every different industry, merchandise, or servi ces, authorities will hold its ain part of income as revenue enhancements. To do certain the authorities is acquiring due revenue enhancements for the contraction, the intercession is of import. detail grants In Sri Lanka, as an action to promote the building industry, authorities has non charged revenue enhancements against the contraction vehicles. Government ever to do certain the cement monetary value of the state to remain in a low-cost zone for the populace.Education degree and Construction Professionals By bettering the instruction system and increasing the Construction Profession in university plan is besides a good intercession by authorities to do the industry live in the state.Duties of Regulatory Body Contractors are registered in the ICTAD to make the bank on building clients.Price bulletin publish by authorities besides help to cipher the sum of existent monetary value escalation within a concern period.4. DecisionThis appraisal was significantly enhanced my percept ion towards the Construction Economics topic. Some countries are really of import like for Net Present Value non merely merely for a Quantity Surveyor or Economist, but for any sensible adult male who make investing or do any minutess with a bank to set up or be after the investings efficaciously.I strongly hope that I will be able to use the cognition on the topic to confront future challenges on the profession.The all inquiries were answered and provided all sufficient information as required..5. RecommendationThe inquiry base reply format will be given a more specific testing of scholarly person s cognition. The inquiries were asked in this appraisal have been covered more of import country of jurisprudence and contract. Knowledge and minimizing on some of import theories are of import to any profession. Therefore, I suggest adding the Economicss topics to other suited paid instruction systems.

All That Glitters Is Not Gold – Paper

whole THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Outward display dejection be greatly misleading. Goldis a very valuable metal. It has an attractive glint appearance too. But it does non mean that everything whichglitterslike goldshould be precious. in that location be utterly valueless things that facial expression likegoldand winning them on their face value is unwise. On the contrary, some of the dull feeling things possess immense value. Their appearance is in no way proportionable to the great value they collect. This is true of hu human beings also.A someone may be good looking having an attractive character. But he may non possess any real ability or talent. He crapper even turn out to be unscrupulous too. A man must be judged on the background of his abilities and not on his away appearance. Many of the truly good and great men are humble. trade good and perfection do not go with gaudiness. Like shining supply pieces which dazzle and glitter likediamondsthe appearance of me n croup be greatly misleading. Therefore estimation and analysis of people on the basis of mere appearance is an unwise approach.Never go by the appearance of anything, be it a soul or a thing. Simply wanting for it barely by the looks of it bed lead to great disaster. Most of the time, what we see is not the reality the outside appearance gener in ally hides all the truth and reality. though we might say face is the index of the heart, there are so many methods to hide the face reactions. But that dismiss be make up out on changeless and vigilant observation al wholeness. The credit virtue of so many things is definitely questionable. When it comes to a materialistic thing, its worth can be judged only on using it.In the same way, we can encounter the true color of a person only by locomote with them, though not closely at least getting acquaint with them. Now a days, we can see so many pretended jewelry that shine even more than gold. Any individual can be judged by hi s deeds and attitude. Many a times, aptitude or fearlessness can be found out to be a fake one. Advertisements are the best way to food market any product, just now most of the times they just dont show the reality. But not all of them are like that, but one has to be very heedful with such type of advertisements.The actions of people in todays world are self centered and they just look at the benefits they get out of it. It is break up to be careful to start a friendship with those who try to consider themselves as your well wishers or friends. It is better to ascertain their motives and actions and a constant vigil need to be kept on them. mavin have to understand that all those metals that are shiny and white-livered in color need not be gold, they might be painted yellow or just any other yellow metal. So one has been aware of the appearance and judges everything.So it is better to keep in thinker All that glitters is not gold. Life is something really strange. In purp ort we come across several things and persons that are entirely different from what they look like. Outward shows are generally misleading. Same is the case with certain both THAT GLITTERS IS NOT GOLD Appearances are often deceptive. Many things may footlingly appear very attractive. When they are examined from close quarters, they prove to be disappointing. One cannot judge the quality of a thing by seeing its outside portion only. Every shinning metal is not gold.Very often, things are not what they search to be. We often form our opinion bout objects on the basic of superficial impression. One should always try to find out the true personality of things. We should try to find out the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. A book with a delightful cover has no fasten of its being interesting. A beautiful packaged product launched in the market after massive advertising campaign may attract the consumer. He may but that product once but if the product is of unfortuna te quality, he would not buy it again. A wise discerning person does not accept things at face value.He gets suspicious of a person or thing which appears too good to be true. His trained eye can see beyond the superficial appearance of an object. The quality of anything can be judge only if we come to know the reality of a thing. Gold is gold if the inner metal is also gold. Many things are made of inferior metal and to hide their defect, they are given a shine. They look beautiful and attract many a person who loves beautiful objects. An object with a glittering shin of gold cannot b gold unless the whole object itself is gold. All that glitters is not gold.All people wearing orange yellow clothes cannot be saints. A foolish man can neer be wise by pretending to be wise. A person may pretend to be noble, hiding his defects. One cannot judge a person from his smiling face or cheerful appearance. The wearing of a gown cannot make an idiot a lawyer. One often tempted towards outer beauty. Sometimes, even the wise fall prey to such temptations. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats. Simplicity can be deceptive too. One may pretend to be honest though one may not continues

Chapter #9 Summary: New Directions in Planning Theory Essay

Chapter 9 Summary New Directions in Planning TheorySusan S. Fainstein Susan S. is professor of urban preparation and acting schedule director in Columbia University. In this article she discusses and literary criticisms contemporary preparedness speculation in terms of its ingestionfulness in addressing what I call back to be its defining question what is the possibility of consciously achieving widespread returns in the quality of human life within the context of a global capitalist political economy. She examines the three approaches referred to above under the rubrics of -(1) the communicatory stylel sometimes called the collaborative model, emphasizes the planners role in mediating among stakeholders within the planning situation-(2) the new urbanism frequently labeled neo-traditionalism, paints a physical picture of a desirable city to be obtained with planning -(3) and the just city, which derives from the political economy tradition, while also end point oriented, is more abstract than the new urbanism, presenting a model of spatial transaction based on equity.The Communicative ModelThe communicative model draws on two philosophical approaches American pragmatism as developed in the thought of John Dewey and Richard Rorty and the theory of communicative rationality as worked surface by Jurgen Habermas.5 The two strands differ somewhat in their methodologies. Neo-pragmatism tends toward empiricism. Theoretical and possible DeficienciesIn its effort to save planning from elitist tendencies, communicative planning theory runs into difficulties. The communicative model should non be faulted for its ideals of openness and diversity. Its vulnerability quite an lies in a tendency to substitute moral exhortation for analysis. Although their roots, via Habermas, be in critical theory, once the communicative theorists move away from review article and present a manual for action, their thought loses its edge. THE NEW URBANISMThe new urbanism refer s to a design-oriented approach to planned urban development. Developed primarily by architects and journalists, it is perchance more ideology than theory, and its message is carried non just by academics only if by planning practitioners and a popular movement. New urbanists have real considerable attention in the United States and, to a lesser extent, in Great Britain.Their orientation resembles that of the early planning theoristsEbenezer Howard, Frederic Law Olmsted, Patrick Geddesin their lay of using spatial relations to name a close-knit brotherly community that allows diverse elements to interact. The new urbanists call for an urban design that includes a variety of building types, mixed uses, intermingling of housing for different income groups, and a besotted privileging of the public realm CritiqueThe new urbanism is vulnerable to the accusation that its proponents oversell their product, promoting an kafkaesque environmental determinism that has threaded its way throughout the history of physical planningTHE JUST CITYIn Socialism Utopian and Scientific Friedrich Engels (1935, p. 54) presents the Marxian critique of utopianism The final causes of all social changes and political revolutions are to be sought, not in mens brains, not in mans better insight into eternal truth and justice, but in changes in the modes of production and exchange. . . . For Marx and Engels, social transformation could occur only when the times were ripe, when part enabled the forces for social amelioration to attain their objectives. In their view utopian thinkers worry Robert Owen and Fourier could not succeed because they developed a social ideal that did not coincide with a material reality still dominated by capitalist interests. Only smashing the structure of class domination could create the conditions for achieving a just society. CONCLUSIONIn Her conclusion she defends the continued use of the just city mode and a modified form of the political-economy mo de of analysis that underlies it, exposit below The three types of planning theory described in this essay all embrace a social progressive outlook. They represent a move from the purely critical perspective that characterized oft theory in the seventies and eighties to one that once once again offers a promise of a better life.Whereas reaction to technocracy and positivism make planning theory of that period, more recent planning thought has responded to the repugn of post-modernism.

Literature Cape Essay

legion(predicate) critics hear to show how the disguise relate to the incompatible parts, and/or different characters of the f slump. This story explores a cariety of themes and issues, however disguise, deceit, celebration and festivity atomic number 18 the major, much(prenominal) prominent angiotensin-converting enzymes. Al megabytegh the forge is a silly ferment said by Samuel Pepys, who saw the play on three occasions, m tout ensemble critics feel the plays use of language utilise to deceive and the failure of characters to go along appropriately and effectively and truthfully, nauseouse it confusing. The ordinal Night (January 6th) is actually the Epiphany.During the Epiphany terrible sign of the zodiacs sponsored numerous perfor sliceces of plays, masques, banquets and kinds of activities. This story opens up to a man, Curio dressing for the plans of that patricianness. age dressing, he confesses how he feels towards a fair sex named Olivia. Olivia, a wel l-to-do woman, wants humble epitome of Major Characters genus genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Viola Like most of Shakespe bes heroines, Viola is a trem destructionously likable figure. She has no serious faults, and we arsehole easy discount the peculiarity of her decision to dress as a man, since it sets the built-in plot in motion. She is the character whose hump seems the purest.The different characters passions be erratic Orsino jumps from Olivia to Viola, Olivia jumps from Viola to Sebastian, and Sir toby jug and fe young-begetting(prenominal) horses marriage seems more than a matter of whim than an expression of deep and abiding passion. Only Viola seems to be truly, passionately in cognise as opposed to universe ego- pimpntly lovesick. As she supposes to Orsino, describing herself and her love for him She pined in thought, And with a green and yellow sadness She sat like patience on a monument, Smiling at grief. Was not this love indeed? (II. iv. 111 114) The audience, like Orsino, abide further answer with an emphatic yes.Violas chief problem passim the play is one of identity. Because of her disguise, she m one-time(a)iness be both(prenominal) herself and Cesario. This mounting identity crisis culminates in the final persuasion, when Viola finds herself surrounded by people who separately charter a different idea of who she is and ar unawargon of who she actually is. Were 12th Night not a comedy, this pressure might cause Viola to break d protest. Sebastians appearance at this point, however, effectively saves Viola by allowing her to be herself again. Sebastian, who indep shoe progressrs lastent of his sister is not much of a character, takes over the aspects f Violas disguise that she no longer wishes to maintain. therefore liberated by her br early(a), Viola is free to shed the intents that she has accumulated through verboten the play, and she can return to being Viola, the woman who has loved and won Orsino. Orsino and Olivia Orsino and Olivia are worth discussing together, because they prevail similar personalities. Both claim to be strike by strong emotions, and both last seem to be self-indulgent individuals who enjoy melodrama and self-involvement more than anything. When we first meet them, Orsino is pining extraneous for love of Olivia, while Olivia pines a mien for her dead brother.They show no raise in relating to the step upside world, preferring to gyre themselves up with their sorrows and mope roughly their homes. Violas arrival begins to break both characters out of their self-involved shells, and neither undergoes a clear-cut change. Orsino relates to Viola in a itinerary that he never has to Olivia, diminishing his self-involvement and making him more likable. Yet he persists in his belief that he is in love with Olivia until the final scene, in spite of the fact that he never erstwhile mouths to her during the course of the play. Olivia, basewhile, sets by her grief when Viola ( mask as Cesario) comes to see her.But Olivia takes up her receive fantasy of lovesickness, in which she pines a focusingwith a self-indulgence that mirrors Orsinosfor a man who is really a woman. Ultimately, Orsino and Olivia seem to be out of touch perception with real emotion, as demonstrated by the ease with which they shift their affections in the final sceneOrsino from Olivia to Viola, and Olivia from Cesario to Sebastian. The similarity between Orsino and Olivia does not diminish with the end of the play, since the audience realizes that by marrying Viola and Sebastian, respectively, Orsino and Olivia are es moveially marrying fe staminate and male versions of the same person.Malvolio Malvolio initially seems to be a minor character, and his humiliation seems light more than an amusing subplot to the Viola-Olivia-Orsino- love trilateral. But he becomes more kindle as the play progresses, and most critics pass judged him one of the most interlinki ng and fascinating characters in 12th Night. When we first meet Malvolio, he seems to be a simple typea puritan, a laden and proper servant who likes nothing better than to spoil other peoples fun. It is this dour, fun-despising side that induces him the enmity of the zany, drunken Sir toby and the clever mare, who together address his downfall.But they do so by playing on a side of Malvolio that might have other omniscient remained hiddenhis self-regard and his nameless intakes, which extend to marrying Olivia and seemly, as he be sicks it, Count Malvolio (II. v. 30). When he finds the bad garner from Olivia (actually penned by Maria) that seems to offer hope to his ambitions, Malvolio undergoes his first transformationfrom a stiff and wooden soma of priggish propriety into an personification of the power of selfdelusion.He is ridiculous in these scenes, as he capers around in the yellow stockings and go across garters that he thinks will please Olivia, just he also becomes pitiable. He may deserve his come-uppance, but there is an uneasy universal jointity to his experience. Malvolios misfortune is a cautionary tale of ambition overcoming good sense, and the audience winces at the appearance he adapts every occurrenceincluding Olivias confused assumption that he must be unhingedto fit his rosy picture of his glorious future as a overlord.Earlier, he embodies stiff joylessness straight he is exulting, but in prosecution of a dream that everyone, except him, knows is false. Our pity for Malvolio besides enlarges when the vindictive Maria and toby jug confine him to a dismal room in act IV. As he desperately protests that he is not mad, Malvolio begins to seem more of a victim than a victimizer. It is as if the unfortunate steward, as the embodiment of order and sobriety, must be sacrificed so that the rest of the characters can indulge in the hearty spirit that suffuses Twelfth Night.As he is sacrificed, Malvolio begins to earn our respect. It is too much to call him a tragic figure, however afterward all, he is only being asked to endure a single night in darkness, hardly a fate comparable to the sufferings of King Lear or Hamlet. But there is a kind of nobility, however limited, in the way that the deluded steward stubbornly clings to his sanity, even in the face of Festes air pressure that he is mad. Malvolio remains true to himself, despite everything he knows that he is sane, and he will not allow anything to destroy this knowledge.Malvolio (and the audience) must be national with this self-knowledge, because the play allows Malvolio no real recompense for his sufferings. At the close of the play, he is brought out of the darkness into a celebration in which he has no part, and where no one seems willing to offer him a real apology. Ill be revenged on the whole pack of you, he snarls, stalking out of the festivities (V. i. 365). His exit strikes a jarring note in an otherwise joyful comedy. Malvolio ha s no real place in the anarchic world of Twelfth Night, except to suggest that, even in the best of worlds, galore(postnominal)one must suffer while everyone else is happy.I n the kingdom of Illyria, a direman named Orsino lies around listening to music, pining away for the love of lady Olivia. He cannot have her because she is in mourning for her dead brother and refuses to entertain any proposals of marriage. Meanwhile, off the coast, a storm has caused a terrible shipwreck. A young, aristocratic-born woman named Viola is swept onto the Illyrian shore. Finding herself alone in a strange land, she leases that her twin brother, Sebastian, has been drowned in the wreck, and tries to figure out what sort of work she can do.A friendly sea captain tells her or so Orsinos wooing of Olivia, and Viola says that she wishes she could go to work in Olivias home. But since Lady Olivia refuses to talk with any strangers, Viola decides that she cannot compute for work with her. Instead, she decides to disguise herself as a man, taking on the name of Cesario, and goes to work in the crime syndicate of Duke Orsino. Viola (disguised as Cesario) quickly becomes a favorite of Orsino, who makes Cesario his page. Viola finds herself move in love with Orsinoa difficult love to pursue, as Orsino remembers her to be a man.But when Orsino sends Cesario to deliver Orsinos love messages to the disdainful Olivia, Olivia herself fall for the beautiful young Cesario, believing her to be a man. The love triangle is complete Viola loves Orsino, Orsino loves Olivia, and Olivia loves Cesarioand everyone is miserable. Meanwhile, we meet the other members of Olivias household her rowdy drunkard of an uncle, Sir Toby his receiveish friend, Sir Andrew Aguecheek, who is trying in his hopeless way to court Olivia Olivias witty and pretty waiting-gentlewoman, Maria Feste, the clever cuckoo of the house and Malvolio, the dour, prudish steward of Olivias household.When Sir Toby and the others take discourtesy at Malvolios constant efforts to spoil their fun, Maria engineers a matter-of-fact joke to make Malvolio think that Olivia is in love with him. She forges a letter, supposedly from Olivia, addressed to her beloved (whose name is signified by the letters M. O. A. I. ), coitus him that if he wants to earn her favor, he should dress in yellow stockings and get over garters, act haughtily, smile constantly, and refuse to explain himself to anyone. Malvolio finds the letter, assumes that it is addressed to him, and, fill up with dreams of marrying Olivia and becoming noble himself, happily follows its commands.He behaves so strangely that Olivia comes to think that he is mad. Meanwhile, Sebastian, who is still alive after all but believes his sister Viola to be dead, arrives in Illyria along with his friend and protector, Antonio. Antonio has cared for Sebastian since the shipwreck and is passionately (and possibly sexually) attached to the young manso much so that he follows him to Orsinos domain, in spite of the fact that he and Orsino are old enemies. Sir Andrew, observing Olivias attraction to Cesario (still Viola in disguise), challenges Cesario to a duel.Sir Toby, who sees the capability duel as entertaining fun, eggs Sir Andrew on. However, when Sebastianwho looks just like the disguised Violaappears on the scene, Sir Andrew and Sir Toby end up coming to blows with Sebastian, intellection that he is Cesario. Olivia enters amid the disorderliness. Encountering Sebastian and thinking that he is Cesario, she asks him to marry her. He is baffled, since he has never seen her before. He sees, however, that she is wealthy and beautiful, and he is therefore more than willing to go along with her.Meanwhile, Antonio has been arrested by Orsinos officers and now begs Cesario for help, mistaking him for Sebastian. Viola denies penetrative Antonio, and Antonio is dragged off, crying out that Sebastian has betrayed him. Suddenly, Viola h as tenderfound hope that her brother may be alive. Malvolios supposed madness has allowed the gleeful Maria, Toby, and the rest to lock Malvolio into a small, dark room for his treatment, and they torment him at will. Feste dresses up as Sir Topas, a priest, and pretends to examine Malvolio, declaring him definitely insane in spite of his protests.However, Sir Toby begins to think better of the joke, and they allow Malvolio to send a letter to Olivia, in which he asks to be released. Eventually, Viola (still disguised as Cesario) and Orsino make their way to Olivias house, where Olivia haves Cesario as her new husband, thinking him to be Sebastian, whom she has just married. Orsino is furious, but then Sebastian himself appears on the scene, and all is revealed. The siblings are joyfully reunited, and Orsino realizes that he loves Viola, now that he knows she is a woman, and asks her to marry him. We discover that Sir Toby and Maria have also been married privately.Finally, someon e remembers Malvolio and lets him out of the dark room. The trick is revealed in full, and the embittered Malvolio storms off, leaving the happy couples to their celebration. Themes, Motifs & Symbols Themes Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literarywork. Love as a relieve oneself of Suffering Twelfth Night is a romantic comedy, and romantic love is the plays main focus. Despite the fact that the play offers a happy ending, in which the various lovers find one another and pass on wedded bliss, Shakespeare shows that love can cause pain.Many of the characters seem to run into love as a kind of curse, a feeling that attacks its victims absolutely and disruptively. Various characters claim to suffer painfully from being in love, or, rather, from the pangs of unrequited love. At one point, Orsino depicts love dolefully as an appetite that he wants to satisfy and cannot (I. i. 13) at another point, he calls his desires fell and barbaric hounds (I. i. 21). Olivia more bluntlydescribes love as a plague from which she suffers odiously(I. v. 265). These metaphors contain an element of violence, further painting the love-struck as victims of some haphazard force in the universe.Even the less melodramatic Viola sighs woefully that My state is desperate for my masters love (II. ii. 35). This desperation has the potential to result in violenceas in Act V, scene i, when Orsino threatens to kill Cesario because he thinks that -Cesario has forsaken him to become Olivias lover. Love is also exclusionary some people achieve romantic happiness, while others do not. At the end of the play, as the happy lovers rejoice, both Malvolio and Antonio are prevented from having the butts of their desire.Malvolio, who has pursued Olivia, must lastly face the realization that he is a fool, socially unworthy of his noble mistress. Antonio is in a more difficult situation, as social norms do not allow for the gratification of his apparently sexual a ttraction to Sebastian. Love, thus, cannot fascinate all obstacles, and those whose desires go unfulfilled remain no less in love but feel the sting of its absence all the more severely. The Uncertainty of Gender Gender is one of the most obvious and much-discussed topics in the play.Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeares so-called transvestite comedies, in which a female characterin this case, Violadisguises herself as a man. This situation make outs a sexual mess Viola falls in love with Orsino but cannot tell him, because he thinks she is a man, while Olivia, the object of Orsinos affection, falls for Viola in her guise as Cesario. in that respect is a clear homoerotic subtext here Olivia is in love with a woman, even if she thinks he is a man, and Orsino often remarks on Cesarios beauty, suggesting that he is attracted to Viola even before her male disguise is removed.This latent queerness finds an explicit echo in the minor character of Antonio, who is clearly in love with hi s male friend, Sebastian. But Antonios desires cannot be satisfied, while Orsino and Olivia both find tidy heterosexual gratification once the sexual ambiguities and deceptions are straightened out. Yet, even at the plays close, Shakespeare leaves things somewhat murky, especially in the Orsino-Viola relationship. Orsinos declaration of love to Viola suggests that he enjoys prolonging the pretense of Violas masculinity.Even after he knows that Viola is a woman, Orsino says to her, Boy, thou hast said to me a thousand times / Thou never shouldst love woman like to me (V. i. 260261). Similarly, in his last lines, Orsino declares, Cesario, come / For so you shall be while you are a man / But when in other habits you are seen, / Orsinos mistress, and his fancys queen (V. i. 372375). Even once everything is revealed, Orsino continues to address Viola by her male name. We can thus only wonder whether Orsino is truly in love with Viola, or if he is more enamoured of her male persona. The F olly of AmbitionThe problem of social ambition flora itself out largely through the character of Malvolio, the steward, who seems to be a skilled servant, if prudish and dour, but proves to be, in fact, a supreme egotist, with tremendous ambitions to lift out of his social ramify. Maria plays on these ambitions when she forges a letter from Olivia that makes Malvolio believe that Olivia is in love with him and wishes to marry him. Sir Toby and the others find this fantasy hysterically funny, of coursenot only because of Malvolios un winning personality but also because Malvolio is not of noble blood.In the categorize system of Shakespeares time, a noblewoman would generally not sully her reputation by marrying a man of lower social status. Yet the air travel of the play may render Malvolios aspirations less unreasonable than they initially seem. The facing pages of Twelfth Night, from which the play takes its name, was a time when social hierarchies were turned superlative d own. That same spirit is alive in Illyria indeed, Malvolios antagonist, Maria, is able to increase her social standing by marrying Sir Toby. But it seems that Marias winner may be due to her willingness to accept and promote the anarchy that Sir Toby and the others press.This Twelfth Night spirit, then, seems to pass by Malvolio, who doesnt wholeheartedly embrace the upending of order and decorum but rather wants to blur class lines for himself alone. Motifs Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the texts major themes. Letters, Messages, and Tokens Twelfth Night features a great variety of messages sent from one character to anothersometimes as letters and other times in the form of tokens. such messages are used both for purposes of communication and miscommunicationsometimes deliberate and sometimes accidental.Marias letter to Malvolio, which purports to be from Olivia, is a deliberate (and successful) attempt to tri ck the steward. Sir Andrews letter demanding a duel with Cesario, meanwhile, is meant seriously, but because it is so appallingly stupid, Sir Toby does not deliver it, rendering it extraneous. Malvolios missive, sent by way of Feste from the dark room in which he is imprisoned, ultimately works to undo the perplexity caused by Marias forged letter and to free Malvolio from his imprisonment. But letters are not the only kind of messages that characters employ to communicate with one another.Individuals can be employed in the place of written communicationOrsino repeatedly sends Cesario, for instance, to deliver messages to Olivia. Objects can function as messages between people as well Olivia sends Malvolio after Cesario with a ring, to tell the page that she loves him, and follows the ring up with further gifts, which stand for her romantic attachment. Messages can convey important information, but they also manufacture the potential for miscommunication and confusionespecially with characters like Maria and Sir Toby manipulating the information. daftnessNo one is truly insane in Twelfth Night, hitherto a number of characters are accused of being mad, and a circulating(prenominal) of insanity or zaniness runs through the action of the play. After Sir Toby and Maria dupe Malvolio into believing that Olivia loves him, Malvolio behaves so bizarrely that he is assumed to be mad and is locked away in a dark room. Malvolio himself knows that he is sane, and he accuses everyone around him of being mad. Meanwhile, when Antonio encounters Viola (disguised as Cesario), he mistakes her for Sebastian, and his angry insistence that she have a go at it him leads people to assume that he is mad.All of these incidents feed into the general atmosphere of the play, in which normal life is thrown topsy-turvy, and everyone must confront a reality that is somehow fractured. Disguises Many characters in Twelfth Night assume disguises, beginning with Viola, who puts on male attire and makes everyone else believe that she is a man. By dressing his protagonist in male garments, Shakespeare creates endless sexual confusion with the Olivia-ViolaOrsino love triangle.Other characters in disguise include Malvolio, who puts on crossed garters and yellow stockings in the hope of winning Olivia, and Feste, who dresses up as a priestSir Topaswhen he speaks to Malvolio after the steward has been locked in a dark room. Feste puts on the disguise even though Malvolio will not be able to see him, since the room is so dark, suggesting that the importance of clothing is not just in the eye of the beholder. For Feste, the disguise completes his assumption of a new identityin order to be Sir Topas, he must look like Sir Topas.Viola puts on new vestments and changes her gender, while Feste and Malvolio put on new garments either to impersonate a nobleman (Feste) or in the hopes of becoming a nobleman (Malvolio). Through these disguises, the play raises questions about wh at makes us who we are, compelling the audience to wonder if things like gender and class are set in stone, or if they can be change with a change of clothing. Mistaken Identity The instances of mistaken identity are related to the prevalence of disguises in the play, as Violas male clothing leads to her being mistaken for her brother, Sebastian, and vice versa.Sebastian is mistaken for Viola (or rather, Cesario) by Sir Toby and Sir Andrew, and then by Olivia, who promptly marries him. Meanwhile, Antonio mistakes Viola for Sebastian, and thinks that his friend has betrayed him when Viola claims to not know him. These cases of mistaken identity, common in Shakespeares comedies, create the tangled situation that can be resolved only when Viola and Sebastian appear together, helping everyone to understand what has happened. Symbols Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Olivias GiftsWhen Olivia wants to let Cesario know that s he loves him, she sends him a ring by way of Malvolio. Later, when she mistakes Sebastian for Cesario, she gives him a precious pearl. In each case, the jewel serves as a token of her lovea somatogenic symbol of her romantic attachment to a man who is really a woman. The gifts are more than symbols, though. Youth is bought more oft than begged or borrowed, Olivia says at one point, suggesting that the jewels are intended almost as bribesthat she means to defile Cesarios love if she cannot win it (III. iv. 3). The vestige of Malvolios PrisonWhen Sir Toby and Maria pretend that Malvolio is mad, they confine him in a pitch-black chamber. Darkness becomes a symbol of his supposed insanity, as they tell him that the room is filled with light and his inability to see is a sign of his madness. Malvolio reverses the symbolism. I say this house is as dark as ignorance, though ignorance were as dark as hell and I say there was never man thus abused (IV. ii. 4042). In other words, the darkn ess importee madnessis not in the room with him, but outside, with Sir Toby and Feste and Maria, who have unjustly imprisoned him. Changes of ClothingClothes are powerful in Twelfth Night. They can symbolize changes in genderViola puts on male clothes to be taken for a male as well as class distinctions. When Malvolio fantasizes about becoming a nobleman, he imagines the new clothes that he will have. When Feste impersonates Sir Topas, he puts on a noblemans garb, even though Malvolio, whom he is fooling, cannot see him, suggesting that clothes have a power that transcends their physical function. Twelfth Night Analysis of Fools A fool can be defined in many meanings according to the Oxford English Dictionary On Historical Principles.The word could mean a silly person, or one who professionally counterfeits fury for the entertainment of others, a gull, clown or one who has little or no reason or intellect or one who is do to appear to be a fool (word originated from North Frisia n). In incline literary productions, the two main ways which the fool could enter imaginative literature is that He could provide a topic, a theme for mediation, or he could turn into a stock character on the stage, a represent ludicrous figure. In William Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery.He and many other characters unite their silly acts and wits to invade other characters that evade reality or rather realize a dream, while our sympathies go out to those. It is natural that the fool should be a prominent & attractive figure and make an important contribution to the action in forming the confusion and the humor in an Elizabethan drama. In Twelfth Night, the clown and the fools are the ones who combine humor amp wit to make the comedy work. Clowns, jesters, and Buffoons are usually regarded as fools. Their differences could be of how they dress, act or portrayed in society.A clown for example, was understood t o be a country hick or cloun. In Elizabethan usage, the word clown is ambiguous meaning both countryman and principal comedian. Another meaning abandoned to it in the 1600 is a fool or jester. As for a buffoon, it is defined as a man whose profession is to make low jests and antics postures a clown, jester, fool. The buffoon is a fool because although he exploits his own weaknesses instead of being exploited by others. he resembles other comic fools. This is similar to the definition of a Jester who is also known as a buffoon, or a merry andrew.One maintained in a princes court or noblemans household. As you can see, the buffoon, jester and the clown are all depict as fools and are related amp tied to each other in some sort of way. They relatively have the same objectives in their roles but in appearance wise (clothes, physical features) they may be different. In Shakespeares Twelfth Night, Festes role in this Illyrian comedy is significant because Illyria is a country permeated with the spirit of the Feast of Fools, where identities are confused, rude rule applauded and no harm is done. In Illyria therefore the fool is not so much a critic of his environment as a ringleader, a merry-companion, a Lord of Misrule. Being equally welcome above and below stairs.. makes Feste significant as a character. In Twelfth Night, Feste plays the role of a humble clown employed by Olivias father playing the licensed fool of their household. We learn this in Olivias statement stating that Feste is an allowed fool(I. v. 93) meaning he is licensed, privileged critic to speak the truth of the people around him. We also learn in a statement by Curio to the Duke that Feste is employed by Olivias father. Feste the jester a fool that the Lady Olivias father took much joy in(II. iv. 11). Feste is more of the comic truth of the comedy. Although he does not make any profound remarks, he seems to be the wisest person within all the characters in the comedy. Viola remarks this by s aying This fellows wise enough to play the fool(III. i. 61). Since Feste is a licensed fool, his main role in Twelfth Night is to speak the truth. This is where the humor lies, his truthfulness. In one example he proves Olivia to be a true fool by asking her what she was mourning about. The point