Swine Meat and Diseases Essay -- Agriculture Farming Food Pigs Essays

Swine Meat and Diseases Many swine disease outbreaks occur every year and are most often related to a large number of pigs raised in the same area or facility continuously. Raising and producing a numerous amount of pigs can result in overcrowding which can then result in pigs who are disease carriers. These disease carriers can continue to infect and re-infect a swine producer’s herd. Without knowing or realizing that the hogs are infected the diseases can travel from swine farm to swine farm introducing new diseases into their swine herds which can produce more carriers. African Swine Fever: One of the most destructive diseases in swine known worldwide is the African Swine Fever, or ASF. ASF is a viral disease which affects both wild pigs and domestic pigs. The disease is often contracted when pigs consume uncooked food scraps and contaminated garbage or water. There are many symptoms of African Swine Fever, some of which include reddening of the ears and snout, bloody diarrhea, high fever, skin blotching and abortion frequently occurs in pregnant sows. Fatality is a very common outcome from contracting ASF. If death does not occur, the surviving pigs can carry the virus for months on end. There is absolutely no treatment or vaccine that exists for a cure of this disease. The main prevention method for the African Swine Fever virus is to be sure that all garbage fed to pigs is thoroughly cooked. ASF is a disease that can be very contagious if it is not controlled. Those pigs that become infected should be eradicated by slaughter and disposing of the carcass by burning or burial. One positive aspect of African Swine Fever is that humans have yet to transmit it. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome: .. ...ne disease outbreaks, a disease can be detected at an earlier stage making the outbreak less devastating. References Amass, F. Sandra (2004) Procedures for preventing transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus by people. The Veterinary Journal, 103, 143-149 Chae, C. (2005) A review of porcine circovirus 2-assoiciated syndromes and diseases. The Veterinary Journal, 169, 326-336. Hulten, F. (2004) Evaluation of environmental and management-related risk factors associated with chronic mastitis in sows. AJVR, 65, 1398-1403. Walker, Randy (1992) Swine: Swine Health Program. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AA/AA080500.pdf Olega-Perez, A. (1990) Distribution and biology of Ornithodoros erraticus in parts of Spain affected by African swine fever. The Veterinary Record, 126, 32-37.

American Correctional Policies

The main focus of the juvenile justice systems has always been rehabilitation of the offender. However, this principle has been criticized by some sociologists prompting research activities on the most appropriate method of dealing with juvenile delinquency. Steiner and Wright (2006) carried out a research to determine the effectiveness of tougher penalties on certain cases of juvenile delinquency. According to their study, Steiner and Wright the more strict penalties introduced in the late 20th century had no impacts on the rate of juvenile delinquency and recidivism.A similar study by the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (2004) indicated that there is no evidence of the effectiveness of the therapeutic foster care intervention programs in dealing with juvenile delinquency. This program was introduced to assists delinquent youths who are unable to live with their parent. However, the program recommended that young people with chronic deviant behaviors should be put under a fost er parent who is trained to handle such individuals.Although the findings of the two studies are essential in formulation of correctional policies, it is important to note that both studies do not consider the factors that forced the juvenile to commit the crime before looking at the effectiveness of the programs. There is no doubt that every case of juvenile delinquency should be addressed separately if intervention programs have to be effective. Reference Cocozza, J. & Skowyra, K. (2002). â€Å"Youth with mental health disorders: issues and emerging responses. † Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Journal, 7(1), pp 3-13.MMWR (2004) Therapeutic foster care for the prevention of violence: A report on recommendations of the task force on community preventive services, CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53 (RR-10). Steiner, B. , Wright, E. (2006). â€Å"Assessing the relative effects of state direct file waiver laws on violent juvenile crime: Deterren ce or irrelevance? † The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. 96(4), pp 1451-1477. Part two: Abstract Policies that are geared towards restoration of justice have been common in the criminal justice systems in the United States.These policies have progressively found their way into the juvenile justice systems in many states. These policies are aimed at balancing the interests of the juvenile offenders and the victims of the offences. There are several studies that have been carried out to ascertain the effectiveness of these programs in the juvenile justice systems. This paper is aimed at examining the restorative justice policies in the juvenile justice systems which has concluded that this approach has been adopted by almost all states in the country in the recent past.Reference Pavelka, S. (2008). â€Å"Restorative Juvenile Justice Legislation And Policy: A National Assessment,† International Journal of Restorative Justice, 4(2) pp 100-118 http://www. restorativ ejustice. org/legislative-assembly/15statutes-cases-regulations-and-recommendations-from-national-regional-and-intergovernmental-bodies/restorative-justice-and-the-law/statutes/restorative-juvenile-justice-legislation-and-policy-a-national-assessement.

On the Free Choice of the Will Essay

This book by St Augustine contains many philosophical arguments. St Augustine was a Latin speaking philosopher born in what is now modern day Algeria. He was one of the most prolific philosophers with hundreds of surviving works attributed to him (having survived the passage of time). The book On Free choice of the will contains may divine references with the central argument concerning free will as a gift from god, a gift which leads to humans becoming evil due their own inherent flaws. Free will is a large theme in the book. I will be critically analyzing Augustine’s argument that ‘†¦ a mind that is in control, one that possesses virtue, cannot be made a slave to inordinate desire by anything equal or superior to it, because such a thing would be just, or by anything inferior to it, because such a thing would be too weak’1 . I will be looking at the weaknesses and strengths of this argument and conclude how convincing his argument is. Augustine’s first argument about the mind being made a slave to inordinate desire contains many flaws its states â€Å"Each mind possesses the same degree of excellence and any thing that would attempt such a thing will have fallen from justice and become weaker† 2(originally said by Evodius but Augustine agrees to it) in this he is essentially saying that any mind attempting to enslave another mind to an inordinate desire will have become unjust and in the process weaker meaning it cannot control the superior mind. The first problem with this argument is the premise that all minds posses the same degree of excellence, this notion is completely wrong as it would be illogical to assume that all humans are intellectually equal. The fact that the foundation of the argument is wrong could serve to debase the entire argument as it is a paramount (and erroneous) notion upon which the argument is built. Augustine’s argument states â€Å"a Mind cannot be enslaved by something equal or superior to it because that thing would be just† 3 Not only does this statement destroy his previous notion that all minds are equal it also contains many faults on its own. Firstly its assumes that a mind that is superior would be just this assumption contains many problems. Firstly it assumes that the smarter you are the more just you would be, this statement is quite the contrary the smarter you are the more likely you are to be able to manipulate and scheme making you unjust, one can only look at politicians to see that the more intelligent you are the more susceptible you would be to carrying out unjust acts, so in my opinion this statement can be easily refuted. It is quite logical to assume that the superior mind will be more likely to try and enslave another mind for some purpose or another. One can only look at the peace among intellectual inferior animals which do not commit a multitude of nefarious acts in order to further themselves, contrast this with the chaos amongst humans and one can begin to see that the superior mind is truly less just than the inferior mind, humans have pride and ambition which engenders greed and other destructive traits, these are not seen in animals and babies (both of whom have inferior minds) and galvanizes the notion that a superior mind is less just than a weaker one. The next part of his argument that an inferior mind cannot enslave a superior mind because it will be weaker, contains much more logic than his previous arguments. I would not say this statement is wholly correct but the notion that a weak mind cannot enslave a superior mind is mostly correct in my opinion as it is logical to assume that weak cannot overcome the strong. On the other hand to completely write off a weak minds chances of enslaving a superior mind would be foolish as many other factors are involved in this process including emotions and circumstance, for example if a man with a superior mind is in love with a woman who possesses an inferior mind he could still be enslaved to inordinate desire by virtue of his love for her which will have warped his reason. Hence under some circumstances a weak mind can over come a superior mind yet it would be prudent to assume that a superior mind will always have the upper hand barring external factors. Finally in my opinion there is a huge inherent flaw in the entire argument of Augustine, I believe that pride, ambition, gluttony and all other various inordinate desires are inherent in humans in general, I do not believe it is necessary for a mind to sway another into these desires as they already exist within the human being, it is environmental factors which sway a human being into experiencing these inordinate desires not people and as a result I believe that Augustine’s arguments are fundamentally flawed. He takes a very idealistic view on humans believing them to only corruptible due to other unjust people corrupting them. In truth I believe (unfortunately) that humans are more inclined to feel inordinate desires due to extenuating factors that catalyze their latent emotions that lead to the dire consequences that are engendered by inordinate desires. In conclusion I believe Augustine’s arguments are mediocre. Their strengths are far and few and hugely outweighed by the flaws In them. His arguments while appearing logical and reasonable contain many imperceptible cracks which can be exploited greatly (and at times can debase his entire argument) in the case of a debate. On the basis of this I would have to say that his arguments are mediocre at best and while they are somewhat convincing a wise man would see through them easily.

Financial Management of Goldman Sachs

To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of the share, expectations of the shareholders. 3. To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are procured, they should be utilized in maximum possible way at least cost. 4. To ensure safety on investment, i. e, funds should be invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return can be achieved. 5. To plan a sound capital structure-There should be sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance is maintained between debt and equity capital.Functions of Financial Management: 1. Estimation of capital requirements: A finance manager has to make estimation with regards to capital requirements of the company. This will depend upon expected costs and profits and future programmes and policies of a concern. Estimations have to be made in an adequate manner which increases earning capacity of enterprise. 2. Determination of capital composition: Once the estimation h ave been made, the capital structure have to be decided. This involves short- term and long- term debt equity analysis.This will depend upon the proportion of equity capital a company is possessing and additional funds which have to be raised from outside parties. 3. Choice of sources of funds: For additional funds to be procured, a company has many choices like- a. Issue of shares and debentures b. Loans to be taken from banks and financial institutions c. Public deposits to be drawn like in form of bonds. Choice of factor will depend on relative merits and demerits of each source and period of financing. 4.Investment of funds: The finance manager has to decide to allocate funds into profitable ventures so that there is safety on investment and regular returns is possible. 5. Disposal of surplus: The net profits decision have to be made by the finance manager. This can be done in two ways: d. Dividend declaration – It includes identifying the rate of dividends and other bene fits like bonus. e. Retained profits – The volume has to be decided which will depend upon expansional, innovational, diversification plans of the company. 6.Management of cash: Finance manager has to make decisions with regards to cash management. Cash is required for many purposes like payment of wages and salaries, payment of electricity and water bills, payment to creditors, meeting current liabilities, maintainance of enough stock, purchase of raw materials, etc. 7. Financial controls: The finance manager has not only to plan, procure and utilize the funds but he also has to exercise control over finances. This can be done through many techniques like ratio analysis, financial forecasting, cost and profit control, etc.Goldman Sachs is a leading global investment banking, securities and investment management firm that provides a wide range of financial services to a substantial and diversified client base that includes corporations, financial institutions, governments and high-net-worth individuals. When we use the terms â€Å"Goldman Sachs,† â€Å"the firm,† â€Å"we,† â€Å"us† and â€Å"our,† we mean The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (Group Inc. ), a Delaware corporation, and its consolidated subsidiaries. References to â€Å"this Form 10-K† are to our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2011.All references to 2011, 2010 and 2009 refer to our fiscal years ended, or the dates, as the context requires, December 31, 2011, December 31, 2010 and December 31, 2009, respectively. Group Inc. is a bank holding company and a financial holding company regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (Federal Reserve Board). Our U. S. depository institution subsidiary, Goldman Sachs Bank USA (GS Bank USA), is a New York State-chartered bank. As of December 2011, we had offices in over 30 countries and 48% of our total staff was based outside the Americas (which includes the countries in North and South America).Our clients are located worldwide, and we are an active participant in financial markets around the world. In 2011, we generated 38% of our net revenues outside the Americas. BUSINESS PRINCIPLE Our clients’ interests always come first. Our experience shows that if we serve our clients well, our own success will follow. Our assets are our people, capital and reputation. If any of these is ever diminished, the last is the most difficult to restore. We are dedicated to complying fully with the letter and spirit of the laws, rules and ethical principles that govern us.Our continued success depends upon unswerving adherence to this standard. Our goal is to provide superior returns to our shareholders. Profitability is critical to achieving superior returns, building our capital, and attracting and keeping our best people. Significant employee stock owinership aligns the interests of our employees and our shareholders. We take great pride in th e professional quality of our work. We have an uncompromising determination to achieve excellence in everything we undertake. Though we may be involved in a wide vvariety and heavy volume of aactivity, we would, if it came to a choice, rather be best than biggest.We stress creativity and imagination in everything we do. While recognizing that the old way may still be the best way, we constantly strive to find a better solution to a client’s problems. We pride ourselves on having pioneered many of the practices and techniques that have become standard in the industry. We make an unusual effort to identify and recruit the very best person for every job. Although our activities are measured in billions of dollars, we select our people one by one. In a service business, we know that without the best people, we cannot be the best firm.We offer our people the oopportunity to move ahead more rapidly than is possible at most other places. Advancement depends on merit and we have yet to find the limits to the responsibility our best people are able to assume. For us to be successful, our men and women must reflect the diversity of the communities and cultures in which we operate. That mearns we must attract, retain and motivate people from many backgrounds and perspectives. Being diverse is not optional; it is what we must be. We stress teamwork in everything we do. While individual creativity is always encouraged, we have found that team effort often produces the best results.

Environmental Sustainability Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Sustainability Questions - Essay Example This report provided a complete synopsis of the emerging environmental crisis and remedies in solving the problems. This report majorly aimed at discussing environmental development as a single issue. This report gathered various issues relating to environmental problems and initiated a comprehensive breakthrough to sustainability thus encompassing social, economic, political and environmental criteria. The main aim of this report was to provide the country with sustainable environment as from 1987 hence forth (Ashford& Hall, 2011). The idea of sustainability was initiated by the world commission of environmental development which has since been used and redeveloped in the continuous work with sustainability in different scopes. The Bruntland report was majorly divided in three parts that are the major focus of the commissioned report. This report was concerned of the environmental sustainability in the future since the rate of human environmental reduction was very high. However, th ere were challenges experienced such measures to achieve a supportable growth in the environment. This effect leads to reduction in infant mortality and on the other hand human life expectancy is also high therefore posing a challenge to the global environment (Ashford& Hall, 2011). ... Question Two This is an international agreement formulated to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. This agreement was designed in 16th September 1987 in Montreal and substantially amended in 1990 and 1992.This treaty stipulates that production and consumption of materials that diminish the ozone layer in the stratosphere such as chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs), methyl chloro form, carbon tetra chloride and halons are to be eliminated by the year 2000 while methyl chloro form should also be eliminated by 2005(Ashford& Hall, 2011).Scientific theory suggest that ,the moment these compounds are emitted into the atmosphere then they deplete the ozone layer that shields the earth from destroying ultra violet- beta radiation. This agreement was signed by over 140 nations among Argentina, Belarus, Burkina Faso, Denmark, Europe, Egypt, Belgium, Australia, Canada Austria, Congo, Chile and Kenya. This protocol relates to climate change in that it aids in the restricting the use of ozone depleting c ompounds. This has majorly helped reduce global warming and protect the ozone cover. Therefore, the benefit of this protocol to climate change currently supersedes the one for Kyoto protocol (Ashford& Hall, 2011). This protocol has helped to reduce global warming and protect the ozone layer. This protocol is also essential to the climate change since it has helped reduce the volume of heat confined due to ozone depleting substances as this would be twice as much as present levels. Question Three Transboundary pollution involves the pollution that originates from one country but is not able to damage another country’s environment by passing or crossing borders

Current Event Review 4 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Review 4 - Article Example I believe this is a very encouraging measure taken by the European Union. This is because in recent years health threats caused by technology have been mostly sidelined with greater importance given to security. On the other hand, TSA of the United States has tried to offset the alarm rung by the EU decision through biased statistics which demonstrate the improved security resulting from the use of X-ray body scanners. A lately released ProPublica document highlights the hazards of X-ray body scanners stating that up to hundred Americans may possibly fall prey to cancer because of these machines. However, FDA was quick to come up with contrary evidence that cancer risk exists in just 1 among 400 million, thus, playing in the hands of TSA and overlooking the health risks. In my opinion, TSA is not giving due respect to ethics, health and safety of the people. This is because despite of the ruling of EU and reports by ProPublica, it has planned to install further X-ray body scanners in coming times. This is a violation of the Business ethics owing to the fact that the health and the safety of the consumers is the responsibility of the organizations. The installation of these scanners despite of the presentation of the risks of these X ray scanners explains the fact that the health and safety of the people is being compromised. I believe that security is of utmost importance and proper security measures are essential but this should not put the health of people at stake. Instead, safer measures should be opted for so that the purpose of security is fulfilled and at the same time the health of the individuals is not risked. DiSalvo, D. (2011, November 15). â€Å"Europe Bans Airport Body Scanners For "Health and Safety" Concerns.† Forbes. Retrieved from:

Ideas and Religious Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ideas and Religious Belief - Essay Example What if religion confuses political power with the will of God which many preachers and men of church say we have to abide to to maintain the state of which God wants on earth,in England,to match the Elizabethan age's understanding of the ladder of being or the chain of being and how it occupies what the world in God's eyes should be like and be used to by people This idea is occupied in all cultures politically and has been an arguable discussion for people throughout the nations. Should the political powers be religious and under the church's supervision or should be secularthis rises with another fundamental question:should people accept the facts stated to them in a democratic country or should they accept the facts given them as forceful manner of living which they could and could not accept whether it is involving their union with the power's opinions of what is supposed to be in the state or should it be forced and the state of the country be 'the democracy of discussion and the dictatorship of opinion'in other words,should people when getting involved in elections and understanding the stated means of ideas by the intellect get involved or should their ideas be seen as a restricted form of understanding which does not elevate to those who are in power's understanding of the future of the country and state and what it carries from und erstandings for th people's welfare and what they see to be what everyone in the state wants for the nation (depending on who is stating what the 'nation' means and who 'everyone stating it 'is) A nation (nationa) is understood to be a group of disobedient or the least intellectual groups of people to govern in a state or country which are better known and notioned as those 'governed',since they least 'care','understand','have intellect' to be able to take a role in forming the understandings and the formulae of which the nation takes to progress forwards. Then who takes this form of understanding up and deduces and induces the laws In religions it is God and His propehst. In secular states it is the intellect of the mos intellectual. These people understand and under-0estimate what could be frivolous being in a better state of affairs and understanding and education being exposed to the highest and best types of education around the world which ensure a decent growing up of morals and understandings which inform the rest of the populated country's people how things should be working in a 'civilized' manner. This understanding forms the wake of the nation and the differences between the 'plates' of the 'grounds of understanding the ways and means of living' which the nation's youth and grown ups fight to obtain for various reasons. If this is true,the chain of being then has to be a way of controlling the world and understanding the frame of thinking that puts philosophers and political people on the top or middle of