Sir Gawain in Transition Essays -- Sir Gawain Papers

Sir Gawain in Transition Sir Gawain has played a significant region in Arthurian legends since the Middle Ages. His first major appearing in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight depicts Gawain as a warrior rather than a cleaning ladyizing nickname like others from King Arthurs court. Even in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Gawain focuses on his action with the yard knight rather than the advances of Bercilaks wife. During Gawains visit to Bercilaks castle, his wife makes three particularised advances to entice Gawain into an adulteress relationship. Although Gawain faces certain death with the Green Knight, he declines any(prenominal) sexual involvement with Bercilaks wife. Gawains character remains faithful to his warrior image by rushing into battle with the green knight rather than prolonging his stay at Bercilaks castle. Although he exhibits this obsession with battle in many stories, Gawains role changes drastically between his style in The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell and his later appearance in Howard Pyles The Story of King Arthur and His Knights. Although these stories employ similar plots, Gawains character undergoess a dramatic transformation. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell Gawain reveals his loyalty to King Arthur by agreeing the marry the Loathly lady after she saves the kings life. This not the first appearance of the loathly lady in Medieval literature. In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, the Knights Tale reiterates the old(prenominal) folklore motif that concerns the transformation of the ugly hag into a beautiful woman after a man has placed himself under her sovereynte and incorporates the theme of A Riddle Asked and Answered (Wilhelm 467). ... ...en he learns to love the women he marries, Gawain argues with his new wife and then mutters so be it when confronted with her choice. Gawain refuses to learn from his mistakes in Pyles business relationship. In both Pyles story and T he Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, Gawain does not battle as he does with the green knight instead, he marries and enters the marital war zone rather than those fought on the battlefield. BibliographyLupack, Alan, ed. Modern Arthurian Literature. New York Garland Publishing, Inc., 1992. Vasta, Edward. Chaucer, Gower, and the Unknown Minstrel The literary Liberation of the Loathly Lady. Exemplaria. 395-419.Wilhelm, James J., ed. The Romance of Arthur. New York Garland Publishing, Inc., 1994. sack Text version of The Marriage of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell is at http//rodent.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/teams/ragnell.htm

Little Boy Essay -- Informative, Manhattan Project, Hiroshima

At midnight on terrific 6, 1945, the crew of the Enola rattling got the orders to get ready for their mission. By 245 AM they were all packed, ready to go, and took off for their intended target (Black & Blashfield, 1993, p. 30). They flew by the darkness of the night sky for many hours. Dawn appea tearing and finally Enola Gay came close to their future objective. Then, around 724 AM, the pilot legitimate a transmission from a weather aircraft, which had flown ahead of them, that there was just now a cloud in the sky and that they should continue to their goal (p. 30). As they grew closer to Hiroshima, about 30 miles away, the captain gave the controls over to Major Ferebee (p. 30). As the minutes and seconds passed by it seemed perpetual. Finally at 81517 Major Ferebee yelled out, Bombs away (p. 30). It took about 50 seconds for the atomic washout to fall and reach1,900 feet above the city where it exploded (Langford, 2004, p. 57). One of the crew members commented on itA column of smoke rising fast. It has a fiery red core. A bubbling mass, purple gray in color, with that red core. Its all turbulent. Fires are springing up everywhere, like flames shooting out of a huge bed of coalsHere it comes, the mushroom shapeIts like a mass of bubbling molassesits nearly level with me and climbing(pp. 32-34). neer again will anything be the same.CreatingIn New York City the principal(prenominal) ideas about the atomic bomb were developed, it was called the Manhattan Project. It was originally General Leslie R. Groves that was ascribe in charge of the development of the atomic bomb. He wasnt exactly people friendly so he got Dr. Julius Robert Oppenheimer, a civilian, involved as a project director. Communication and working proficient... ...nt of the buildings were destroyed by the kick or the fires that started because of it (Encyclopedia.com). If the blast didnt destroy the buildings at first and so the heat from the bomb caused fires that slowly destroyed the buildings.Cleaning UpA black rain fell from the sky, for about an hour after the blast, it had radioactive debris dropping everywhere. There was no actual help from japan officials, at first. It was just people that were less injured and that could help, would. In the days that followed, mostly collecting and disposing of the bodies. If they were recognizable and were claimed a funeral would be held for them. Collecting and storing pollute debris was next. Eventually, rebuilding the city began. With rebuilding of the city there was a memorial park built called Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, with donations of monuments.

Life Cycle Analysis of Aviation Products

INTRUDUCTIONIt is very easy to question a nation for its decision to retract seemingly useful aircraft, but there atomic number 18 many sparingal factors that need to be taken into account.We often hear about how frequently it be to buy any particular model of plane, but nation often underestimate just how expensive it is to ope array and maintain aircraft. not unless do you reserve to consider the read woo of fast-flying the plane (pilot pay, fuel, and other consumables), but also the exists of pilot training, the bells of parts and labor to perform routine maintenance, the bells of training world crew to perform that maintenance, the be of obtaining and maintaining lose equipment essential to gain the planes, and the constitutes of the facilities needed to perform this service and maintenance. We often lump all these factors unitedly into the life- rhythm method per second cost of an airplane.GENERAL DISCUSIONLife Cycle monetary value is extremely important w hen find whether to stop or replace aircraft, acquire new or used aircraft, and in evaluating the tot up economics of competing aircraft whether purchasing, financing, or leasing. With this program you atomic number 50 predict specie Flows and Net Present Values and comp ar contrary forms of ownership.As aircraft have run short increasingly analyzable, the life-cycle costs associated with maintaining sophisticated equipment and training crew to operate and service that equipment have grown substantially. For this reason, we see a trend in militaries roughly the world to standardize on as few types of aircraft as possible. By operating only a couple types of planes, a military move consolidate its training and servicing activities thereby minimizing the amount of money needed for aircraft operations and maintenance.This motivation is likely a major(ip) factor in the business decision to eliminate their old aircraft. The business kindle sooner focus its maintenance and tra ining budgets on a few uses, which head for the hills to share much in common, as opposed to siphoning off a large chuck of that money to confirm a performly unalike design. Understanding and modelling factors related to schooling, economics, marketing, risks, and un definitety can enable designers to design more cost-effective forms. The importance of developing omnibus(prenominal) life cycle cost models cannot be over emphasized with reference to affordable systems. concomitant areas of concern include take cost, estimating, organizational learning, pricing and marketing, sub-contracting deed, and predicting competitors cost.In addition to the component of the cost estimation, usually the focal point of most cost models, immaculate modeling of all factors related to the end product, operations, and support is necessary to generate fine-tune life cycle cost profiles. Basic railway locomotiveering science economics can be used for determining price once the cost has been estimated. pursuit formulas are available for predicting rates of return and other indicators of hitability. However the complex models used for life cycle cost prediction must expend algorithm for stimulating additional factors as organizational learning and manufacturing processes.The trinity primary component f the system life cycle are non recurring costs, recurring costs, and operations and support costs. According to Apgar, H. (1993) there are two principal objectives for an life cycle cost trade story as the identification of the design and production process alternatives which meet borderline performance requirements both at the lowest average unit production cost, and at the lowest operation and support cost per operating hour.A abundant range of cost models exists today, from dilate part-level models, establish on direct locomotive engineering and manufacturing standard factors, to conceptual design level life cycle models. piece most of the conceptual desi gn level models are parametric and metric weight unit/complexity-based, much research is being conducted to develop feature-, activity-, and/or process-based models. Many of the detailed models use measured info from the shop floor for the regression depth psychology and algorithm development. At the other end of the spectrum are the top-level, parametric cost estimating models for life cycle estimates. Few models exist between the two ends of the modeling spectrum no suitable methods have been demonstrated for a model that accepts multifidelity information from multiple levels of product analysis within an integrated design environment.Detailed estimates of direct materials and hours used for fabrication and assembly of the aircraft major structural components (accommodating the many and alter material types product forms such as sheets, extrusions, fabrics, etc. and construction types apply in advanced technology aircraft structures) will replace the weight/complexity-based algorithm for estimating the aircraft cost in the top-level, parametric life cycle cost model. These differentials in the aircraft cost estimates due to fabrication and assembly alternatives will propagate via the system roll up cost through the life cycle for production, operation, and support for the full system.With such a tool/model, the designer will be able to determine sensitivities in the top-down life cycle cost model to changes or alternatives evaluated in the bottom-up cost model. It will be possible to calculate sensitivities and design for robustness with the life cycle cost model due to perturbations of some factors such as entities external to the producer functions internal to the manufacturer, but external to manufacturing and processes internal to the manufacturer.The manufacturer cannot control certain factors external to the enterprise. For instance, the number of aircraft ordered, the times of the orders and the corresponding payment schedule, interest rates, and project inflation rates are not variables over which the manufacturer has complete control. The monthly or yearbook production rates sub-contracting decisions learning ignore effects and manufacturing, and sustaining costs are factors that are internal to the enterprise, but can be categorized in a higher level than the true material purchasing, processing, fabrication, and assembly. The sequences of activities and processes used for fabrication and assembly are assumed to be internally controlled by the manufacturer.The lowest level of the life cycle cost model consists of the cost estimation for the aircraft, based upon the direct engineering and manufacturing estimates for its major structural components. The highest level includes determination and distribution of the non-recurring and recurring production costs, as well as the operations and support costs over the entire life cycle of the aircraft.According to Febrycky, W.J., and Blanchard, B.S. (1991) that a through und erstanding of certain economic theories must be achieved before any reasonable life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken. Alternative instruments can be compared against from severally one other or a fair basis only if their respective benefits and costs are converted to an equivalent economic base, with get hold of consideration for the time value of money. Three factors are involved when determining the economic equivalence of sums of money. They are the amounts of the sums, the times of occurrence of the sums, and the interest rate. pursuit formulas are functions of all three. These functions are used for calculating the amounts occurring at different periods of time.The life cycle cost analysis of aircraft comprises the following capabilities. The unit production costs are estimated with a series of experimental equations for generating airframe component manufacturing costs for specific classes of aircraft. According to Lee, P. (1994) that a theoretical First Unit Cost is generated by summing the respective component costs of the airframe, propulsion, avionics and instrumentation, and final assembly. Most of the structural component cost equations are weight-based. Engine costs are based on the thrust, the amount produced, and the cruise Mach number.Alternatively, the actual price/cost of the engine can be specified as input parameters. Another series of exponential equations is used to calculate the production costs based upon the total number of vehicles produced. The average unit airplane costs, either including or excluding airframe and engine spares, are also calculated. A comparison of the average aircraft manufacturing costs versus the quantity of aircraft produced is provided. The elements of the total vehicle cost can be reduced with user-specified learning curves for the airframe, avionics, propulsion, assembly, and fixed equipment. For a specified production rate, ship set, and average aircraft marketing prices, the manufacturers cumula tive and annual cash flows are calculated.The annual and cumulative aircraft deliveries are calculated first, based upon an input production rate schedule. The manufacturing cost is the sum of the production costs of all operational vehicles produced each year. The cost to manufacture one vehicle includes airframe cost, propulsion cost, avionics and instrumentation cost, and the cost of final assembly. The manufacturers sustaining costs are the total production costs minus the cost of the operational vehicles and the manufacturers profit fee. Ten elements constitute the total sustaining costs airframe and engine spares, facilities, sustaining engineering, sustaining tooling, ground support equipment, training equipment, initial training, and initial equipment. The sustaining costs are distributed equally for each aircraft over the same months in which each aircrafts manufacturing costs are distributed.CONCLUSIONThere is normally a conflict between cost-effective choices and affordab le choices for alternative designs. Today, the commit for cost-effectiveness is often sacrificed to the practical considerations of the available funding with the development of more complexes and comprehensive life cycle cost modes that can accept and process multifidelity data within an integrated design environment, it will be possible to better calculate the cost-effectiveness and affordability of future systems. Then it may be possible to have a system that is ultimately cost-effective, yet still affordable.REFERENCEApgar, H. (1993). heading-to-Life-Cycle-Cost in Aerospace, Aerospace Design Conference, Irvine CA.Febrycky, W.J., and Blanchard, B.S. (1991). Life-Cycle Cost and Economic Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Lee, P. (1994). A Process point Parametric Cost Model, Aerospace Design Conference, Irvine CA.

Law Enforcement Essay

The two strengths of society policing that I fancy was important ar being able to build ar interpret to build a better rapport with the community and citizen better than what you already keep back. The second strength is to try to build a rapport with the kids in the community and keep them out of trouble, getting into gangs, and using are interchange drugs. So I think when community policing are being make throughout the community that gives the legal philosophy officer to become community educators, planners and organizers, which in the end it allows the police officers to appreciate their citizens as well as to take away how to work together with them, non to mention It will allow the citizens to presumption them more than they do.The two limitations of community policing that I restrain chosen are lack of educational opportunities and lack of parental involvement. The reason why is because some(a) of our parents have came to a point where they really dont precaution what they child do, were they go, are who they hang with. Parents these twenty-four hour periods dont delineate up on their child/children were about as long as that child is out of the house thats all that matter nevertheless thanks to the school system they have a system that calls business firm whenever the child/children are absent. The Police cant do this on the need parents help to also keep the crimes of our children down and to lead them into the right field direction so parents lets get involve with our kids and not just our kids all kids they need some kind of guidance.Explain how political, economic, and demographic characteristics of a community impact community policing. Well in my community we have PAL, similarity watch, and citizen on patrols. PALs are a group of police officer that are mostly talkative and athletic that gather up our youth and engage them into assorted activities that they like to keep them off the streets during the day and they are very of ficious with our kids they even take them places on the weekend. They have different sport activities that they play so they can stay active threw the week most of their games are on Saturdays, they even take the kids to different places like the movies, skating, bowling, etc. I really think its a awesome program for the youths. The only thing to this program is the child that are considered a problem child has to expect to change and for the ones thats not their dedicated to the program because they dont want to change they want to stay that respectful child they always been.Our Neighborhood watch programs commonly are the police that are just getting on the impel besides the neighbors. The ride there bikes threw the neighborhood to make sure no one is out of the ordinary they be in cars also they usually stop and talk to kids that they see and give the younger one stickers. Citizens on patrol are older people that live in the neighborhood and volunteer to work with the police department to ride through neighborhoods in a patrol car to make sure nothing singular is in the neighborhood. I really think all of the programs are large for community policing and the more help from the parents and community they have the less crimes we would have and the citizen will respect the police more.

General Motors Corp vs. Ford Corp

crossbreeding Corp. General motors (MM) and fording are ii of the leash manufacturing companies of motortrucks that I know of. In saying, both(prenominal) suck their strengths and differences in areas much(prenominal) as quality of parts, driver comfort, furnish economy, and locomotive engine selection. When these companies put unitedly their trucks, it is taken into gravid detail for these two companies to make their product demote than their competitor. GM designs more than detail and reliable trucks than ford can produce.For instance, intersection only suggests three engine options that they will put in their trucks. They have a 4. 2 fifty IV, a 4. 6 Liter newt IV, and their biggest engine in cloudless duty trucks is the 5. 4 Liter triton IV. Although these engines produce decent horsepower and torque, GM has six engine options with high ratings. The first three engine selections GM has are the 4. 3 Liter IV, 4. 8 Liter IV, and 5. 3 Liter. They also have two e arly(a) selections offered are the 5. 3 Liter IV and their biggest engine in light duty trucks the Vortex 6. 0 Liter IV.Both engines offer the best engineering science known as the active fuel management system, which shuts off quaternity of the eight cylinders when power is not needed. Last but not least, GM also has a 6. 2 Liter IV which is limited to authoritative trucks or packages. Not many trucks get very good fuel mileage. track is adept manufacturer that offers fuel efficient motors, but their big engines tend to drink a little too much gas. For example, their smallest engine gets 16 MPEG in the urban center and 21 MPEG on the highway. Their largest engine in a light duty truck gets 14 MPEG in the city and 18 MPEG on the highway.On the other hand, GSM smallest engine averages 17 MPEG in the city and 1 MPEG on the highway, and with a much bigger engine and high power output than the Ford 5. 4 liter, averages 15 MPEG in the city and 19 MPEG on the highway. Trucks are not the easiest vehicles to drive or operate, which is wherefore driver comfort is a need to a great truck. Ford and GM offer a number of conveniences to consumers and making the drivers be intimate more enjoyable and relaxing. Some options offered by Ford are plunk for up sensors, look mirrors with turn lights inside, heated seats, adjustable pedals, and controls on the channelize wheel.GM offers their consumers heated side mirrors with turn signals inside the mirror and an auto subdued eater, and park assisting with LED lights which lay off you to see, as well as elate how close the rear of the vehicle is to any object. GM also offers twofold memory and heated seats, adjustable pedals, rain sense wipers which turn on automatically, remote start, a cargo management system which allows consumers to attach toolboxes and equipment to plain installed of in the bed, and On Star turn by turn navigation, two different dashboards, side impact air bags, and the standard stability system.No one wants to hear the interference of the road or the vehicle. This is why both Ford and GM have used higher quality materials with sound muffled treatment in their newer model trucks. This helps go through road and wind noise as well as the possibility of future squeaking or rattling. Creating more gaps within the design of the truck will also eliminate such sounds. The more interior accessories available on a truck the more people are interested in the trucks. Climate controls which allow both to have different temperatures, adjustable pedals, heated windshield dashboards, side impact air bags, and the standard stability system.In reference to all of the great options that both companies provide, I have and will always be a reheard GM believer. I have credibility to talk about both being as how I have been a mechanic on both for several years. In the facts provided GM provides so much more in driver comfort which alone should be enough to change over a person in cho osing GM. In conclusion, both GM and Ford manufacture great trucks. Giving consumers a number of options of available committee and interior options make the two different. The key to having the best truck isnt to offer Just a number of available options but, to offer them all with dependability trucks.

Spike Lee – Auteur

plait leeward Auteur BY as_e453 An auteur is a coach who personal creative vision and style is expressed through get hold ofs. The terminus auteur is originated in France and is French for author. There ar different ways in which a director can express their vision in charters and delegate who they are. There are many directors that are considered to be a auteur such(prenominal) as Quentin Tarintino, Tim Burton, Kathryn Bigelow, Stanley Kubrick and Woody Allen. The director I have chosen as an auteur is braid Lee.Lees Life Spike Lee is an American film director who has directed, produced, written and acted in Spike Lee films such as Malcolm X, jungle fever, Inside Man and Love Basketball. Spike Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia where he attended Morehouse College and made his first student film Last Hustle in Brooklyn, he then graduated from untried York University in 1982. Lee grew up in a well-off, respective African American family and by the time he was 20 he started to represent amateur films. He won a student academy laurels for his thesis film Joes Bed-Stuy Barbershop We Cut Heads.Spike originally became interested in the humanistic discipline because of his parents background provided after attending college e significantised he had a stronger passion for film making and decided to become a film operater. Film Career Lee created his first feature film Shes Gotta consume It in 1986 which grossed over $7,000,000 and was one of the most profitable films made in 1986. It was a comedy Lee on set directing a film film which makes fun of the stereotyped vision on filthy men cheating on their partners but instead the roles were reverse and focuses on a woman having 3 different partners.The film did have around mixed views in Hollywood but it became a hit with his African American fans. After making his first feature film Lee began to reate many other great films and was not only beingness cognise as a director but also a amusing actor. Hi s ultimate goal was to make films that leave alone capture the Black have got by any means necessary and that is just now what he did. Heres a paper bag for Do the Right Thing His other work Other than being a self-made director, producer, actor and writer. Spike is also a successful music director and documentarian.He has directed music videos for celebrities such as Michael Jackson, robust by Nature, Anita Baker and Public Enemy. He has also directed the documentaries, Jim brownish All-American and 4 Little Girls which was nominated Best Documentary. He is also know for making some great commercials for Nike, Converse, Jaguar, Taco Bell and Ben Jerrys. His Personal air Themes Spike is no stranger to controversy due to the elements he uses in his films. Most of Lees tilms consist ot an Atrican American theme and inspect the issues ot race relations, policy-making issues, urban crime and violence.His 2nd film he made Do the Right Thing (1989) explored all of these issues. He also explored the issues of family/ father & axerophthol relationships in his films Crooklyn (1994), Get on the Bus (1996) and He Got Game (1998). In his films School Daze (1988), Do The Right Thing (1989), hobo camp Fever (1991), Get on the Bus (1996), Summer of Sam (1999) and Bamboozled (2000) he include the issues circulating around racism. Another issue he explores is black pistillate sexuality which is in the films Shes Gotta Have It (1986), Girl 6 (1996) and She Hates Me (2004).Genre Whenever it comes to genre Spike always picks the right one. He switches them around so sometimes his films will be a comedy, sometimes it will be a romantic comedy (a hybrid genre) or a drama. Spike never seems to give off when it comes to enre because he always brings some occasion different to the film and its so enjoyable to watch. economic consumption of actors Spike frequently casts himself, John Turturro, Samuel L. Jackson, Delroy Lindo, Roger Spike as Mars Blackmon a character from his film Guenveur Smith, Michael Imperioli and Denzel Washington in his films.I think its because he knows exactly what he wants in a film and if he see a person who could acquaint the character they are given in a certain way then that is who he will choose, plus these actors are professional actors and know what they are doing. Lee often cast objective life families in his films. In Do The Right Thing (1989) he casts Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee (who are real life husband and wife), Joie Lee (Spikes real life sister), Danny Aiello and Rick Aiello (who are real life father and son).He has make this in other films such as School Daze (1998), Jungle Fever (1991), Mo Better Blues (1990) and Malcolm X (1992) His Signature shot Spike has a signature shot which he likes to use in his films. It is named The doubling- skirt Shot. The camera is placed on a dolly and moves on a track, the movement of the camera is smooth and makes the subject in the exposure look like its floating or glid ing. Here is an example of Spikes Double Dolly Shot being used in his films Another thing which is common in Lees films is the way the characters addresses the camera.Spike prefers the characters to address the camera directly when filming. level Structure in films Lee calls his films A Spike Lee go. In the ending of his films he would usually use the phrases, By either Means Necessary, mia Dig and Sho Nuff. Ending the film like this will make the audience remember it , you wont be able to forget a film with a ending phrase like that. The films that use a history (Shes Gotta Have It 1986) are ften associated with the subject of baseball teams and players.Spike Lee talks close the issues that are going on in the world today and he is not afraid to tell the truth in his movie. He casts characters that portray their characters in a positive light just like in Malcolm X (1992 biographical film). Yes, people may see him as controversial, but that Just makes him who he is. Spike is a good director and he is good at what he does. Spike one wish was to redact the vast richness of black culture on tilm when he became a tllm maker. films in his own vision. He is an auteur who continues to make great

Japanese Art Essay

For the GOY* project, I chose to scrutinise The Pavilion of Nipponese Art in the Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) and look at Japanese nontextual matterworks, especi entirelyy from the Jomon to Heian halt. There were no event focusing on Japanese Art on LACMA, so I opted to join a Sunday tour of the Japanese art collection instead. Knowing at once that it would only last for 50 minutes, I wondered at eldest how the guide would condense the lecture of thousands of years of Japanese history and Japanese art, especially that it entails a lot of explaining and translating to do. only if the explanations as we went along the style were brief and concise and think on the artworks, but were enough for us to take note of. What I intended to focus on were paintings from the Jomon to Heian purpose of Japanese Art, but instead I took note of diverse mannikins of Japanese artworks which I found fire. There were several pieces that caught my attention, but those that I focused on were a ceramic vessel from the middle Jomon period, Jizo Bosatsu, which is carved wood sculpture from the late Heian period, and Seated Warrior, a sculpture from the Kofun period.Japanese art on the Jomon period are mostly earthenware vessels, mostly deep pots do of clay. Potteries made from the Jomon period are characterized by rope markings, incised lines and utilise coils of clay (Kleiner 91). These vessels, however psychedelically figured, puzzle a variety of uses. They serve different purposes, from storage to burial (Kleiner 91). The vessels on the Japanese Art Tour on the LACMA mostly curb textured bases, the incised rope markings very apparent, and have castellated rims.Japanese art on the Kofun period is completely different. harmonise to the Minneapolis Institute of Arts Website, the art on this period is characterized by tombs equipped haniwa, or cylinders which are used as adornment for tombs on the era. The forms of the haniwa later evolved to unproblematic g eometric forms of houses, animals, birds, and other figures. The sculpture on the LACMA, however, resembles a Seated Warior form, hence, its title. The Heian period is characterized with artworks representing or illustrating Esoteric Buddhism (Kleiner, 2010).Most of the artworks are Buddhist deities sculptures carved from wood, to which community worship. The sculpture of deities were characterized by a wardrobe of a monks, and all of them stood on top of a lotus, which symbolizes rebirth, according to the tour guide. I have expected Japanese art to be intricate, except maybe those from the Jomon period. But it turned out that even from the Neolithic period, the Japanese already had a sense of aesthetics that their vessels are adorned with rope markings.For me, the abstract form of Jomon period art is its strength. The Kofun period art was indeed very interesting for me because the artworks were used to decorate tombs, and the decorations symbolizes the person in that tomb. Meanwhi le, as expected, Heian art is profoundly rooted on Buddhism, and has Chinese influences. At the end of the day, I completed that the evolution of Japanese art relied on what happened in Japan at the time these artworks were constructed. The colorful events strongly influences the frame of mind of the artists. History is what shapes art.

English Euphemism Essay

Euphemism, as a greens linguistic phenomenon in manhood tillage, is astray delectationd in every affectionate class and field. side of meat euphemism, as wiz of many an(prenominal) euphemisms existing in the world, has its own buddy-buddy argument, which include both the religious pedigree and the historical, literary origin. This thesis go out try to discuss the origin of face euphemism from every looking of religion, race, politics, literary, and history. manner of speaking reflects feel, and is al courses c drop a portly related to the society. During the chat, due to or so certain bul strugglek of behavior and morality, hoi polloi tend to exploitation up euphemism- cash in one and only(a)s chipsd as a motley of lubrication, making the harsh, indelicate langu age sound tactful and pleasant. side of meat euphemism sees a very cardinal economic consumption in spates winsome(a)ly converse. This paper entrust overly expound the well-disposed commu nicatory work of face euphemism from the three aspects equivocal manoeuver, civilized portion, and enhancive kick the bucket.Having a well-be vexd understanding of the origin and fond dish of side euphemism and the position nomenclature Culture understructure stay off many conflicts in the cognitive process of social communication . Key Words origin communicative function evasion cosmetic function niceness Abstract euphemisms prevalent in the terminology of the worlds ethnic phenomenon, it is widely riding habitd in all social strata and fields. Euphemism as a euphemism in one of the many, has its deep roots produced, in which packets of religion and politics, only when also literature and history. This paper attempts to religion, race, politics, literature, history, in a bid to explore the emergence of incline Euphemisms source.Language reflects life, and endlessly closely linked with social, communication in the speech, due to a certain code of conduct an d morality constraints, great deal a good deal use the euphemism - the lubri dropt, making harsh, non polite euphemism works so pleasurable. It is in heaps social communication played an important character reference. This function of its taboo, courtesy functions and capabilities in three r individuallys to cover up the incline language Euphemism illustrates the social communicative functions. Euphemism by fully understanding the origins of side of meat and its social communicative function, and further understand the English language and refinement, in tack to avoid social communication in the various conflicts. Key linguistic communication origin communicative function taboo politeness cover1.IntroductionEuphemism is a ethnic phenomenon as well as a linguistic concept. Every language has its own euphemism, so does English. It is deeply grow in social life and has a great influence on social communication. As an ingrained and natural pArt of English language, E nglish euphemism has attracted heaps charge for a long date. Since Euphemism was coined, it has played a very important role in peoples communication. The communication without euphemism is unimaginable. Euphemism is used like lubrication, which makes the communication go on smoothly. This thesis de surgical incision confirm an overview of the origin of English euphemism, and invoke its social communicative function.English euphemism as a linguistic concept, it has close carnal knowledgeships with the western culture, and it truly reflects the life and values of English people and their history. Euphemism is a in particular good medium for access to the force of language that has provided an effective approach to understanding the military personnel mind. The study of English euphemism can help us understand the western Culture and promote the transnational Development because euphemism is widely used in international negotiations. So on that point is a great need for us t o study English euphemism, including its origin, its social function, and so forth2. The definitions of English euphemismEuphemism is a universal linguistic phenomenon. Nearly in every language, in that location atomic number 18 some(a) disgusting words, which make people feel mortified. In the process of communication, the unsuitable or too verbatim words will make people feel uncomfortable, even angry. indeed there is a great need for us to use a tactful way to express emotion, exchange ideas. That is to say, to use a pleasant, fruity or indirect words or phrases take the place of tabooed words. It is know that euphemism is a pains of language intentionally created in social relation to achieve ideal communication. Without them any language would seem to be stark(a) and rude, void of politeness and vividness to some extent. As a common communication in the process of people using language, euphemism is an important way for people to coordinate the social descents.Like a k ind of lubrication, euphemism enables people to express what cannot be uttered flat and ensures communication to be carried smoothly. It is a language Strategy in civilized society for avoiding taboo. It is unimaginable if the communication is without euphemism. The word euphemism was derived from the Greek word euphemismos, which means fair speech. The affix eu means good, sound well and pheme means tell or speech. And thus the literal marrow of euphemism is to speak with good words or in a pleasant manner. That is to say, euphemism is used as an alternative to unpleasant facet, in devote to avoid possible lose of face, either ones own face or by means of going darkense, that of the audience, or some of third of party.This unpleasant expression whitethorn be tabooed, timiditysome, or for some separate reasons that speakers cant or intend not to use some certain expression directly on some occasion. In Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged mental lexicon of the English Lan guage is the substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought substituted . Rawson Blunt, a British source, defined euphemism as a good favorable interpretation of a bad word.1 Encyclopedia Britannica (1994) also defines euphemism as a figure of speech in which some social occasion of an unpleasant, distressing or indelicate nature is described in less offensive price2 From the above mentioned, we could clearly see that euphemism is characterized by avoidance language and evasive expression. The speakers use words or expressions as a protective shield against the anger or disapproval of natural or supernatural things. It is one form of language and a linguistic phenomenon3.The origins of English euphemism3.1 The religious origin of English euphemismThe earliest English euphemisms come from taboo. The word taboo comes from Togan, a kind of Polynesian. It indicates evasive language or execute. 3 The emergence of English euphemism is to meet the need of avoidi ng taboos. In primitive society, people cant explain much(prenominal) things as ailment and some supernatural phenomena. great deal have confusion amid the lay down of the things and things themselves. The name is viewed as an reference of things. Just as the idiom says Speak of devil and he appears . course the words or phrases related to much(prenominal)(prenominal) things become taboos. 4 In the antiquated periods, people had blind faith in ghosts and Gods they respected. They whispered and even fe bed them so they did not dare to address their names directly. They think it profane to name God.Therefore the names of gods become the earliest taboos. To speak name of gods was to give the sack the divinity whose power then had to be confronted. Such dangerous practices were speechless for priests skilled in negotiating with the supernatural. So the usual way to avoid is to utilize euphemisms. Therefore, for the religious need, a lot of euphemisms somewhat religion em erged. For example, in order not to desecrate God, people in English-speaking country unceasingly use some some other name for God instead of craft directly, such as Adonai, the Al great powery, Caesars Cruth, the Creater, Dod, Gad, Land, Lawks, Lawd. 5The opposite side of god is devil, which is more(prenominal) terrible for people. When people refer to them, they tend to use such euphemisms to fill in D, the Big D, the Evil one, the Black one, the Goodman, Jesse, Old boy, Our father, Lord of lords, King of kings, the lighthearted of the world, etc. 6 From the above mentioned, we can find that religion brings many inoffensive name in the religious matter, especially the naming and addressing of God to the language. 3.2 The racial and national origins of English euphemismIt is known to all, the phenomenon of racial discrimination is deeply rooted in America in which equal opportunity is flattered by American white people as an equal right enjoyed by everyone. payable to the gouge of social public opinion, although some whites discriminate the black from their heart, they will not expose this kind of prejudice in public. Meanwhile, few people dare to humiliate and persecute blacks publicly for no reason at all. In other words, the way of discrimination becomes tactful. There are many euphemisms emerging for this reason. In the 1930s, nigger is still a neutral noun in England, and has no meaning of humiliating blacks. only when since this word has the obvious meaning of discriminating the blacks, most of people in England and Americans use some other unoffending words, such as colored black instead.When verbalizeing around some other races, it does not often use the direct words that are related to color. People often use some euphemistic expression, such as the geographic name. 3.3 Historical, literary and Political origins of English euphemism From the time the Normans conquered England in 1066, English has emerged many euphemisms. At that time, t he main reason to use euphemism is that the language used by the conquered is often disparaged, and is thought as arrant(a) language. The upper class surely doesn t want to lower their circumstance to use such words. In order to avoid using such gross words, they tend to use the elegant words, which originated from Latin. And these words were conglomerate into English gradually. There are also many euphemisms in literary works.For example, in Hamlet, Shakespeare use the expression The undiscovered country from whose bourn no traveler returns (there has never been a mystery travelers to come back off the country) to express his great sympathy for Hamlet . 7 The famous American writer Mark Twain use release to express die in his work The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. anyways, politics is a fertile area for the appearance and growth of English euphemism, which is cosmetic in expression notwithstanding deceptive in nature. Euphemisms of this kind are perpetually consciously and del iberately. The cosmetic euphemism can be easily found in American English. political sympathiess discussion of the Vietnam War was saturated with euphemisms.Villages burned and inhabitants imprisoned were Pacifications the war itself was not a war except a conflict, the assail becomes logistical strike or close air support, and cleaning becomes wasting the enemy. These euphemisms are used to deceive and to hide the marshy business of war . 8 The use of such Political euphemisms helps government to aggrandize the action and prevent people from taking any anti-government action. So in order to satisfy the Political inevitably, many euphemisms come to exist.4.The social communicative function of English euphemismFrom the perspective of language communication, euphemism functions to avoid taboos, to provide politeness and turn back feelings. Thanks to euphemism, it is palmy for people to accept the things that are in all likelihood to make others feel embarrassed or unhappy. It is peoples common character to express their ideas as mildly and tactfully as possible. Euphemism helps people to reach this goal. From the moment euphemism came into existence, it has played a very important role in our daily communication, and help establish a good relationship between human beings and even strengthen the social stability. Euphemism are incite by the desire not to be offensive.People use them to show their politeness, to avoid being offensive and to meet the mental and beneficial needs of both speakers and hearers in communication. But sometimes they are used to conceal or cover something. Accordingly, euphemism serves three basic communicative functions evasive function, polite function and cosmetic function.4.1 The evasive function of English euphemismThe evasive function of euphemism is to evade using taboos, enabling the speaker to talk about tabooed things drop offly. These tabooed things are believed to be dangerous to certain individuals, or to t he society as a whole, or to be disgusting and unpleasant, and cause fear. Such tabooed things include indisposition, disabilities, death, sex, proboscis excretion and body elimination process, etc. People can use euphemisms to talk about what cannot be talked directly.Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download4.1.1 In footing of disease and disabilitiesPeople yearn for health, and fear for specific disease and every sort of disability. So people always use tactful way to express them. For example, cozy or genital disease such as syphilis, gonorrhoea, ADIS, etc. Are called social disease, communicative disease, etc. in English. Besides, disabilities are very polished area in every culture. In English, the disabled, the handicapped, the inconvenienced, the invalid, auditory impaired, hard of hearing, talk with ones fingers, etc. are put into service. 9 So euphemism plays a very important function in our social communication. Without it, we sometimes cannot stop our talk. 4.1.2 In terms of deathDeath is an inevitable stage at the end of lifes journey. It is common Experience of human beings. to that degree it has been the source of fear-fear of the loss of loved ones fear of the end of ones life fear of the actual process of dying. Therefore, all these fears, worries, and unpleasant feelings feature lead to verbal taboo of death. Euphemisms concerning death are extremely rich. In English, there are more than seventy euphemisms for death, including to be gone, to be gone to a better world, to be with God, to breath ones last, to close ones day, to depArt from the world forever, to depArt to God, to set asleep, join the great majority, pass away, etc. 10 No matter wherefore this word is used in a certain language, people always tend to use less harsh words4.1.3 In terms of sex, body excretion and body elimination process Words relating to sex, fostering and excretion are highly restricted to mention because they may conflagrate disgusting re sponses of people. Verbal taboo on them is probably motivated by the intuitive disaster, shame. People all have certain feelings of which they are so ashamed that they don t like to admit even to themselves. In peoples daily life or in some formal occasion, if the talk or discussion refers to something about drainage, people will try to avoid using vulgar language. They tend to use some implied or neutral words to make conversation comfortable. For ordinary people, the safest way to avoid mentioning these things that they have to mention in many circumstances is to use another expression-euphemism to replace the true name of such a thing.For example, in English there are many elegant expressions for going to WC, such as to wash ones hand, to spend a penny, to go and see ones aunt, to answer the call of nature, because nature calls, etc. 11 The topic concerning being great(predicate) is touchy because it tends to arouse the association with sexual behaviors. To beat round bushes is very necessary, such as with child , anticipating , excepting for pregnant , etc. 12 Talking about sexual intercourse is taboo. Expressions relating to sex have heavily been veiled for the figure of avoiding awkwardness and offense. So people use euphemistic words to talk about it. For example, people evade saying hip directly which is replaced with buttock, bottom, ones thing, and secret parts donates sex organs of both males and females.4.1.4 In terms of grey ageEnglish and Chinese have different feelings about old age. A Chinese is proud of being old, whereas a westerner will feel irritated and even insulted at mentioning his oldness. In English culture, people do not describe others as or to be described as old because the old, who no longer work, are ignored by society. Therefore, people create the second childhood favorable years, senior citizen, gray hair, mature golden age when they refer to old age in which it attempts to conceal the fact of becoming old and avoid arousi ng old peoples sad feeling of aging. 14 4.2 The polite function of English euphemism.Politeness is another important function that euphemisms serve in the social life. Politeness is the symbol of humans civilization and one of the important principles guiding peoples activities. As a kind of significant social activity, language activity must observe this principle, too. When we have to talk something unpleasant, we should choose euphemistic way to express in order not to hurt others. Being polite is a reasonable action that anyone who is keen on face-saving will take. The polite function of euphemism is seek to avoid being harsh or impolite in the communication. In other words, euphemisms are to minimize impolite expressions and maximize polite expressions. For instance, when a teacher comments on a students moral conducts and civilize work in front of the student or his or her parent, he or she should report the fact on one hand, and on the other hand should take into consid eration the students psychological resolution and the parents face.So the euphemistic way to express might be The student is a bit slow for his or her age instead of The student is stupid . 15 The polite function of English euphemism is be in every occupational language. Occupational discrimination gives people pressure and emotional irritation. Although euphemisms cannot uproot this kind of phenomenon, at least, they can give them some psychological comfort by upgrading of career name. Therefore, engineer, manager, etc. have become more and more fashionable.Dustman is changed to sanitary engineer mechanic to railroad car engineer , gardener to landscape architect , shoemaker to shoe rebuilder 16 In English, there are many adjectives about peoples appearance, such as good looking, handsome, pretty, charming, attractive, etc. They are all commendatory words. When talk about someone who is not pretty, we cannot use ugly or horribly. We had better use some euphemisms such as pla in, ordinary, not particularly looking, etc. instead of them. So euphemisms polite function can save peoples face in their process of communication. It is so important that we cannot neglect it.4.3 The cosmetic function of English euphemismBesides the evasive and polite function, euphemism has the cosmetic function. This kind of euphemism is usually used in the government, military, politics and commerce. It refers to using good words to beautify things, which are not beautiful in reality and make the thing be more persuaded and acceptable. Because euphemism has the nature of vagueness, to some extent, it is deceptive. Traditionally speaking, euphemism plays a positive role in social life. Using it, people can avoid some embarrassed and ungracious occasion. But just as every coin has cardinal sides, euphemism has no exception. Using it suitably can coordinate social relationships, but abusing it will mislead the public, will cover up the essence of things. For example, in moder n westward society, the poor is called as the needy , later it was changed to the culturally deprived , then to the underprivileged , at last to the disadvantaged . So it will confuse people that this country is so rich that there is no poor people at all. Firstly, the government and the military often use them to disguise the reality from truth.They describe sparing crisis as recession or depression attack as active defense. 17 At the beginning of 20th century , the relationship between labor and great(p) become strained, and the agitation of striking became a serious social problem. In order to hide the fact, politicians call the strained labor-capital relationship as industrial climate, striking as industrial action. If the negotiation between labor and capital is successful, it will be claimed as productive, on the contrary, it is counter-productive. 18 Secondly, this kind of euphemism is widely used in commerce. It is often used to play tricks and to deceive the customers. The commercial exaggerates the products function and quality. In the analogous way, the English euphemism is also used to make customers feel pleased . For example, in order to meet the passengers sense of dignity, some Airlines call First descriptor Deluxe screen out or Premium Class Second Class First Class and Third Class become Business Class, Economic Class, or Tourist Class.Doing like these, it seems that all passengers position are promoted. Their purpose is to attract more passengers and gain more profits by using euphemisms in the communication, meanwhile, the customers feel more decent, and it helps customers save face. In short, euphemism of this kind may make an idea more palatable, but they inflate language, reduce preciseness and often tamper with truth. Some people condemn euphemism as subvert because of its hypocrisy, which other consider them useful in the aspect of coordinating social relationships . However, the fact remains that euphemisms are very much a par t of the language, and whats more important for us is not to debate their merits or demerits, but rather to be able to realize that English euphemism can serve for the special social activities under certain circumstance.5. ConclusionEnglish euphemism as an essential part of English language, is observed everywhere and widely used in peoples daily communication. On the production of the origin and social communicative function of English euphemism, this thesis has a tentative exploration. But this kind of exploration is in a state of Development because euphemism is developed all the time. Euphemism roots in every aspect of social life, and is developed with the advancement of society. English euphemism is a mirror of Western Culture in the form of English language. From the moment it was born, it has distinct culture color. Euphemism undoubtedly reflects the inner relationship among the cultural tradition, social values and the form of language. In speech interaction, sometime s, out of politeness or tact, one uses a pleasant, less direct word instead of something unpleasant. Using euphemism is speakers active pragmatic Strategy in a certain time and a certain situation.English euphemism promotes the Development of English language, and enriches the vocabularies of English language, big(a) people a feeling of warm and fresh. In the 21st century, with the phylogenesis of science and technology, many social problems rise, too. People crave for the gentle, warm and easy understood words. Euphemism emerges ceaselessly just right for meeting this psychological need. As a common communication medium and a rhetoric method, English euphemism will be used wider and wider.Some scholars hold the opinion that it is nonsensical to use euphemism because they have the nature of deceit, especially in politics and government. But we cannot deny the fact that euphemism is very helpful in the process of human communication. Twenty-first century is a period when people of different culture have even more touches with each other. So it is vital for us to have a good understanding of English euphemism. It is unimaginable if the diplomatical negotiation is without euphemism. Using euphemism is a kind of language skill that each of us should master.Bibliography1 Li Qing. A Tentative body of work of English Euphemism-From pragmatic sanction Perspective. Shandong Normal University, a masters degree thesis in English Language and literature. 2003 2.24 P2 2 Wu Chang-Qi An Analysis of Diplomatic Euphemism from the Perspectives of Cooperative Principles andPoliteness Principle. Chongqing University of unconnected Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Masters degree thesis. 2004.5 P7 3 Hanyin Yan, Liu Lei. Euphemisms from the psychological view of social communicative function J. Science, Shenyang Normal University (Social Science Edition). 2005.3 P146 4 the uniform 1 P45 Xiang-Yun Wu. Euphemism social function J. Zhaotong Teachers College. 2004.2 P30 6 the same 5 P307 Mao newborn cultivation. On the basis of English Euphemisms generation J. Yunmeng Journal. 2004.3 P3 8 Sheng-Juan. On the cover of Euphemism function J. Hunan Agricultural University (Social Science Edition). 2004.12 P94 9 HU Chun-mei. On the composition and function of Euphemism J. Zhejiang Education College. 2005.1P32 10 Kong a peak, sick(p)g Yanjun. Euphemism of the communicative functions of English and its applications J. Shanxi Journal of Radio and Television University. 2004.P59 11 the same 10 P5912 Bi Xiuying A Study on English Euphemism. Zhengzhou University Foreign Language and Literature masters degree thesis 2003.11 P34 13 Fan groups A Study of Culture Connotation of English Euphemism, Hunan Normal University, a masters degree in English Language and Literature Papers 2005.5 P43 14 Ya-Ping Wang, Wan Xueqin. Interpretation of the communicative functions of English Euphemisms J. Jiangxi education. 2004.6 P37 15 Muge force. On the very structure of English eu phemism J. Gansu Science and Technology vertical and horizontal. 2005.2 P133 16 Tao Qin 3. Discussion on the origin of English Euphemisms and social function J. A Journal of Nanjing health. 2003.1 P157 17 Wang Ping. The Communicative Functions of English Euphemism and its tectonic approach Exploration J. Fuqing Branch of Fujian Normal University Journal of .2004.4 P62 18 the same 10 P59

Child Sexual Abuse: A Review of the Literature Essay

AbstractChild versed rib (CSA) is a private epidemic of electric razor execration and neglect. Approximately there be 3 million reports of CSA in the United States every year involving nearly 6 million children. CSA take place across ethnic and cultural lines, in on the whole socioeconomic levels, all(prenominal) levels of education and within all religions. many unseemly effects correlate with CSA roughly ex angstromles include, anxiety, avoidance nonion, low self-esteem, post-traumatic examine disorder (PTSD), and promiscuity. In the present paper, research in the role of kind di nidus in women with history of CSA reviewed to gain a understanding depression , high risk sexual activity nature of the trauma , obstacles in races, possessing negative beliefs and attitudes towards another(prenominal)s, psychological effects, psychopathology. The following lit review attempts to establish and life CSA association with psychological, emotional and physical demeanors in bountifulhood. Continuous studies of sexually maltreat children and treatment outcomes be essential. Keywords Child sexual abuse, anxiety, avoidance depression, low self-esteem, post-traumatic stress disorder, promiscuityChild familiar AbuseSurvivors of CSA often suffer from adverse psychological put out from CSA, long after the abuse has ended. Adult survivors argon at increased risk of having of having one or more than long negative consequences (Bremner et al., 1999 Colangelo and Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 Gladstone, Parker, Wilhelm, Mitchell, & vitamin A Austin, 1999 Goodyear-Brown, 2012 Rosenthal, Rasmussen Hall, Palm, Batten, & adenylic acid Follette, 2005 Trowell, Kolvin, Weeramanthri, Sadowski, Berelowitz, Glasser, & Leitch, 2002). A history of CSA is not un uncouthly reported by survivors with depressive disorders (Gladstone et al., 1999). They seek out a mental health professional for numerous reasons. Rosenthal et al. (2005) assemble shame, guilt and the affable soil with CSA of such experiences it is liable(predicate) that survivors would attempt to avoid memories and feelings through various bureau including psychological distress, depression, anxiety, substance abuse, suicidal look and borderline personality disorders. specify the ProblemBremner et al. (1999) affirmed child sexual abuse is ingrainedly common in todays society 16% of women are the victim of rape, attempted or molestation at some time in the first place their 18th birthday. However, CSA prevalence rates varied substantially making comparisons rocky (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman , 2012 as cited in Butcher, Mineka, & Hooley, 2010). In addition, the main definitional discrimination was whether the abuse was physical or also involved noncontact behaviors. Goodyear-Brown, 2012 (as cited in Berliner, 2011 Berliner & Elliott, 2002 Finkelhor, 1979) defined CSA as any sexual activity involving a child in whom the child is unable or unwilling to give consent. In addi tion, reported CSA is a problem of epidemic symmetry affecting children of all ages, socioeconomic levels and cultural backgrounds.Therefore, all states have legal procedures against child sexual abuse, literal meanings dissent from state to state, and sexual abuse is not evermore clearly addressed as distinct from physical abuse (Goodyear-Brown, 2012). CSA impacts all people from a wide variety of backgrounds. Researchers have documented CSA has no boundaries of race, class, culture, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. As a result it affects the whole community including, children, adolescents, and adults. While victims including offenders are without doubt, roughly undeviatingly force, households and communities in which the abuse occurred are also strongly impacted if there is no satisfactory response to the issue.Personality DisordersThe ability to ready relationships and get along with others is essential to healthy wellbeing. Maintaining positive, reciprocal social connectio ns includes comprehending social cues, speaking up for oneself, and finding people who will not operate and hurt others. Consequently, the ability to develop and maintain relationships becomes affected.Low Self-EsteemSexual abuse survivors, in one study, expressed more internalizing behaviors than did their non-mistreated counter parts. In fact, women with history of CSA were more likely to use negative terms to retrace themselves and less likely to attri ande positive meaning to sexual behavior (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Meston and Heiman, 2000). Also, women with a history of CSA perceived their bodies as less sexually attractive than nonabused and reported feeling angry and removed(p) from, their own bodies during sexual activity (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Wenniinger and Heiman, 1998). In addition, patients who report CSA, 93% self-reported helplessness, sinfulness, guilt, worthlessness and self-image (Gladstone et al., 1999).Avoi danceRosenthal et al., (2005) established that women victimized during childhood, were likely to have avoidance of experiences. Survivors with the avoidant style have some interpersonal bonds and few friends. They are not as imaginable to be linked in relations with others and less likely to be married. The invasive style is besides burdensome and controlling. However, the invasive style has exceptional needs for closeness. There is extreme self-disclosure, and relationships are excessively smothering. Equally the avoidant and invasive styles are dysfunctional and are possibly to result in loneliness.Sexual DisordersThe impact of CSA on a womans sexual functions relates to high risk sexual activities. waste sexual behavior is the most thoroughly documentation of destructive behavior in abuse survivors. Also, significantly impacts the quality of sexual and romantic relationships of the victims. promiscuousnessResearchers found 20% of women worldwide reported sexual contact with an adult during their childhood (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Freyd et al., 2005). Women reported performing a sexual act against their will, in the lead age 15 (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Fanslow, Crengle, Perese and Robinson, 2007).Also, women with a sexual abuse history reported more negative feelings about sex and experience less satisfaction than do nonabused women (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Leonard et al., 2008 Meston et al., 2006). Findings, for women whose abuse experience included earlier onset of consensual sexual activity, higher rates of teen pregnancy, doubled sexual partners, unprotected intercourse (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012, as cited in Ferguson et al., 1997 Raj, Silverman & Amaro, 2000 Walker et al., 1999). Furthermore, increased rates of abortion and anal sex (Colangelo & Keefe-Cooperman, 2012 as cited in Windgood & DiClemente, 1997).Anxiety DisordersA plethora of literature has de veloped over the then(prenominal) 20 years demonstrating the potentially atrocious magnitude of negative emotions. Depression is one of the most frequently occurring sequelae of past abuse.DepressionGladstone et al., (1999) linked behavioral problems in adulthood to CSA and found that more patients with photo to CSA, than patients with no exposure, had evidence of significant personality disturbances before their current depressive episode. In addition, patients with history of CSA reported higher levels of depression (Gladstone et al., 1999). Significantly, patients with exposure of CSA reported having an alcoholic father than did those who had not. To emphasize researchers also found other over represented characteristics to feel unsafe, a dysfunctional father, verbal abuse and exposure to an unstable relationship mingled with parents (Gladstone et al., 1999).Post Traumatic focusing Disorder (PTSD)Bremner et al., (1999) identified CSA is the most common cause of PTSD, which af fects 10% of case-by-cases in this country. In spite of the high prevalence rates of CSA and PTSD, there is petty on the long-term effects of abuse on the brain. Trowell et al. (2002) examined the relationship between PTSD and symptoms the led victims to seek treatment. They found that a significant good turn of victims in their sample manifest symptoms of PTSD, including flashbacks and intrusive memories.However, despite the fact that most CSA victims did not meet full diagnostic criteria for PTSD, many reported having some post-traumatic symptoms. These symptoms included hyper vigilance, intrusive thoughts, and rapid intrusive flashbacks of the abuse Researchers monitored the relative power of focused individual or group psychotherapy for sexually abused girls and psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. Both treatment groups showed substantial psychopathological improvements, but with no evident difference between individual and group therapy. Therefore, in dividual therapy led to a greater improvement in manifestations of PTSD (Trowell et al., 2002).ReferencesBremner, J. D., Narayan, M., Staib, L. H., Southwick, S. M., McGlashan, T., & Charney, D.S. (1999). Neural correlates of memories of childhood sexual abuse in women with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(11), 1787-1795. Colangelo, J.J., & Keefe-Cooperman, K. (2012). Understanding the impact of childhood sexual abuse on womens sexuality. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(1), 1-5. Gladstone, G., Parker, G., Wilhelm, K., Mitchell, P., & Austin, M. (1999). Characteristics of deject patients who report childhood sexual abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(3), 431-437. Goodyear-Brown, P. (2012).The scope of the problem. In P. Goodyear-Brown (Eds.), Handbook of child sexual abuse Identification, assessment, and treatment (pp. 1-28). Hoboken, New island of Jersey John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Rosenthal, Z.M., Rasmuss en Hall, M. L., Palm, K.M, Batten, S.V., & Follette, V.M. (2005). Chronic avoidance helps explain the relationship between severity of childhood sexual abuse and psychological distress in adulthood. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14(4), 25-41. Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., T. Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D., & Leitch, I. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 234-247.

Wal Mart Annual Report Analysis

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS Eduardo Castro-Wright debility electric chair, Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. M. Susan Chambers Executive iniquity chairman, Global People Brian C. Cornell Executive Vice chairman, President and boss Executive Officer, surface-to-air missiles companionship 2 010 mo acquitary tarradiddle 15 Five- form Financial stub-up 16 prudences countersign and summary of Financial form and Results of trading ope dimensionns 30 Consolidated Statements of Income 31 Consolidated Balance tackings 32 Consolidated Statements of Sh atomic number 18holders integrity 33 Consolidated Statements of interchange F disordereds 34 Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 52 narrative of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 3 paper of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Internal professionalgram line Over Financial themeing Thomas M. Schoewe Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer 54 be intimatements Report to Our Shareholders 55 mo engag ementary 2010 End-of-Year Store Count H. Lee Scott, Jr. Chairman of the Executive Committee of the mount up of Directors 56 corporeal and Stock study Leslie A. Dach Executive Vice President, Corpo pose Affairs and Government Relations Michael T. Duke President and Chief Executive Officer Rollin L. Ford Executive Vice President, Chief In initializeion Officer Thomas D. Hyde Executive Vice President, Legal, Ethics, nd Corpo forethought per unit Secretary C. Douglas McMillon Executive Vice President, President and Chief Executive Officer, Walmart world(prenominal) S. Robson Walton Chairman of the Board of Directors Steven P. Whaley Senior Vice President and Controller 14 Walmart 2010 twelvemonthbook Report 107077_L01_FIN_02. indd 14 4/6/10 121045 AM 2010 FINANCIAL REVIEW Five-Year Financial Summary (Amounts in gazillions except per dowry and unit count data) As of and for the financial historic period Ended January 31, 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 (1) operational Results profit rough glaring revenue Net common gross gross revenue step-up like to(predicate) investment firm gross gross gross revenue in the wholeed States (2) Walmart U. S.surface-to-air missiles partnership Gross pro? t tolerance direct, selling, general and administrative write downs, as a dowry of net gross sales operational income Income from invete post trading trading operations attribu tabularize to Walmart Per dowery of common stock Income from go along operations attributable to Walmart, diluted Dividends $405,046 1. 0% -0. 8% -0. 7% -1. 4% 24. 8% $401,087 7. 3% 3. 5% 3. 2% 4. 9% 24. 2% $373,821 8. 4% 1. 6% 1. 0% 4. 9% 24. 0% $344,759 11. 6% 2. 0% 1. 9% 2. 5% 23. 4% $308,945 9. 8% 3. 4% 3. 0% 5. 0% 23. 1% 19. 7% $ 23,950 14,414 19. 3% $ 22,798 13,254 19. 0% $ 21,952 12,863 18. 5% $ 20,497 12,189 18. 0% $ 18,693 1,386 3. 72 1. 09 $3. 35 0. 95 $3. 16 0. 88 $2. 92 0. 67 $2. 72 0. 60 $ 33,160 102,307 170,706 36,401 70,749 $ 34,511 95,653 163,429 34,549 65,285 $ 35,159 96,867 163,514 33,402 64,608 $ 33,667 88,287 151,587 30,735 61,573 $ 31,910 77,863 138,793 30,096 53,171 unit Counts Walmart U. S. fraction supranational element Sams alliance component 3,708 4,112 596 3,656 3,605 602 3,550 3,098 591 3,443 2,734 579 3,289 2,158 567 rack up units 8,416 7,863 7,239 6,756 6,014 Financial Position Inventories Property, equipment and slap-up lease assets, net integrality assets Long-term debt, including obligations downstairs corking leasesTotal Walmart fateholders equity $ (1) In connection with the attach tos ? nance transformation project, we reviewed and adjusted the clani? cation of trustworthy revenue and expense items at bottom our Consolidated Statements of Income for ? nancial account purposes. Although the reclassi? cations cushioned net sales, gross mete and direct(a), selling, general and administrative expenses, they did not pertain in operation(p) income or income from continuing operations attributable to Wa lmart. The metamorphoses were hard-hitting February 1, 2009 and contribute been re? ected for ? scal old age 2010, 2009 and 2008. 2) Comparable blood line and beau monde sales complicate supply. For ? scal 2006, we considered similar to(predicate) sales to be sales at gunstocks and clubs that were open as of February 1st of the previous ? scal grade and which had not been converted, expand or relocated since that date. pecuniary 2008 and ? scal 2007 same sales includes every(prenominal) computer memorys and clubs that have been open for at least the previous 12 months. Addition aloney, for those ? scal geezerhood, stick ins and clubs that are relocated, expanded or converted are excluded from alike(p) sales for the ? rst 12 months quest the relocation, blowup or conversion.fiscal 2010 and 2009 comparable sales include sales from stores and clubs open for the previous 12 months, including remodels, relocations and blowups. fiscal 2008 and anterior ? scal so cio-economic classs comparable sales do not re? ect reclassi? cations effective February 1, 2009, as noted above. Walmart 2010 yearly Report 15 107077_L01_FIN_02. indd 15 4/6/10 121045 AM cautions word and Analysis of Financial hold and Results of trading operations Overview Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (Walmart, the fellowship or we) operates retail stores in various formats around the world and is move to saving people money so they can live stop.We establish the trust of our customers every day by providing a broad pastiche of forest swop and services at every day low be (EDLP), era fostering a culture that rewards and embraces mutual respect, integrity and diversity. EDLP is our price philosophy under which we price items at a low price every day so that our customers trust that our prices entrust not change under frequent promotional action mechanism. Our focus for Sams community is to provide exceptional value on brand name trade in at members only prices for both trading and personal lend oneself. supranationally, we operate with convertible philosophies. Our ? scal year ends on January 31 for our U. S. , Canada and Puerto Rico operations. Our ? scal year ends on celestial latitude 31 for all an early(a)(a)(prenominal)(a) operations. We intend for this discussion to provide the lector with schooling that bequeath assist in understanding our ? nancial statements, the changes in indisputable key items in those ? nancial statements from year to year, and the primary factors that accounted for those changes, as thoroughly as how sure accounting principles yarn-dye our ? nancial statements.We in each case discuss indisputable exertion metrics that circumspection uses to evaluate our public presentation. The discussion also provides information round the ? nancial results of the various instalments of our business organization to provide a better understanding of how those divides and their results affect the ? nancial c ondition and results of operations of the lodge as a whole. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements as of January 31, 2010, and the year then end, and ac associationing notes. Our operations comprise one-third business departments Walmart U.S. , transnational and Sams Club. The Walmart U. S. surgical incision includes the confederations mass merchant concept in the united States, run under the Walmart or Wal-Mart brand, as healthful as walmart. com. The external division consists of the bon tons operations outside of the 50 United States. The Sams Club segment includes the warehouse membership clubs in the United States, as well as samsclub. com. sales By Segment Net sales in ? scal 2010 were a record $405. 0 zillion, up 1. 0% from ? scal 2009. Sams Club 11. 5% International 24. 7%Throughout this charges reciprocation and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of trading operations, we discuss segment direct income and comparable store sales. The comp each nebs the results of its segments using, among other saloons, each segments operational income which includes certain unified overhead allocations. From clock time to time, we revise the footfallment of each segments direct income, including any corporate overhead allocations, as dictated by the information regularly reviewed by our chief operating decision maker.When we do so, the segment operating income for each segment unnatural by the revisions is restated for all occlusions presented to maintain comparability. In connection with the conjunctions ? nance transformation project, we reviewed and adjusted the classi? cation of certain revenue and expense items within our Consolidated Statements of Income for ? nancial reporting purposes. The reclassi? cations did not carry on operating income or amalgamate net income attributable to Walmart. The changes were effective February 1, 2009 and have been re? ected in all periods pres ented.Comparable store sales is a measure which indicates the performance of our actual U. S. stores and clubs by measuring the growth in sales for such(prenominal) stores for a particular proposition period over the similar period in the prior year. In ? scal 2008, our method of work out comparable store sales include all stores and clubs that were open for at least the previous 12 months. Additionally, stores and clubs that were relocated, expanded or converted were excluded from comparable store sales for the ? rst 12 months following the relocation, intricacy or conversion. During ? scal year 2008, the phoner reviewed its de? ition of comparable store sales for dead body with other retailers. As a result of that review, since February 1, 2008, Walmarts de? nition of comparable store sales includes sales from stores and clubs open for the previous 12 months, including remodels, relocations and expanding upons. Changes in format encompass to be excluded from comparable sto re sales when the conversion is attended by a relocation or enlargement that results in a change in square footage of more than ? ve percent. Since the impact of this revision is inconsequential, the company willing not restate comparable store sales results for antecedently reported years.Comparable store sales are also strikered to as same-store sales by others within the retail industry. The method of calculating comparable store sales varies across the retail industry. As a result, our calculation of comparable store sales is not necessarily comparable to similarly call measures reported by other companies. In discussions of our consolidated results and the operating results of our International segment, we sometimes refer to the impact of changes in modernness change over rates. When we refer to changes in currency rally rates or currency put back rate ? ctuations, we are referring to the differences between the currency trade rates we use to convert the International segments operating results from local currencies into U. S. dollars for reporting purposes. The impacts of currency shift rate ? uctuations are typically targetd as the difference between veritable period activity translated using the contemporary periods currency exchange rates and the comparable prior year periods currency exchange rates, respectively. We use this method for all countries where the functional currency is not U. S. denominated. Walmart U. S. 63. 8% 16 Walmart 2010 Annual Report 107077_L01_FIN. ndd 16 4/6/10 82550 PM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The Retail Industry We operate in the exceedingly competitive retail industry in both the United States and the countries we work internationally. We face strong sales competition from other discount, department, drug, variety and military strength stores, warehouse clubs, and supermarts, many of which are national, regional or international chains, as well as i nternet-based retailers and catalog businesses. We compete with a number of companies for apex retail site locations, as well as in attracting and retaining quality employees whom we call associates). We, along with other retail companies, are in? uenced by a number of factors including, but not limited to general economical conditions, cost of goods, consumer disposable income, consumer debt levels and buying patterns, consumer recognise availability, interest rates, customer preferences, unemployment, turn over costs, in? ation, de? ation, currency exchange ? uctuations, fuel and energy prices, weather patterns, mood change, catastrophic events, competitive pressures and insurance costs. Further information on risks to our company can be located in Item 1A.Risk Factors in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the ? scal year ended January 31, 2010. Company slaying Metrics The companys performance metrics emphasizing three priorities for improving dispenseholder value growth, le verage and contributes. The companys antecedency of growth focuses on sales growth the priority of leverage encompasses the companys metric to ontogeny our operating income at a faster rate than the growth in net sales by development our operating, selling, general and administrative expenses (operating expenses) at a slower rate than the growth of our net sales and the priority of returns focuses on how ef? iently the company employs our assets through and through return on investment (ROI) and how effectively the company manages on the job(p) gravid through empty coin ? ow. Growth Net sales fiscal Years Ended January 31, (Dollar amounts in millions) 2009 2010 part increase Net sales part of come 2008 Percent increase Net sales Percent of follow Net sales Percent of total Walmart U. S. International Sams Club $258,229 100,107 46,710 63. 8% 24. 7% 11. 5% 1. 1% 1. 3% -0. 4% $255,348 98,840 46,899 63. 7% 24. 6% 11. 7% 6. 9% 9. 1% 5. 8% $238,915 90,570 44,336 63. 9% 24. 2% 11. 9% Net Sales $405,046 00. 0% 1. 0% $401,087 100. 0% 7. 3% $373,821 100. 0% O ur net sales increase by 1. 0% and 7. 3% in ? scal 2010 and 2009, respectively, when compared to the previous ? scal year. Net sales in ? scal 2010 change magnitude due to increase customer traf? c, continued spherical expansion activities and the encyclopedism of our Chilean subsidiary, Distribucion y Servicio (D&038S) in January 2009, offset principally by a $9. 8 zillion adverse currency exchange rate impact in our International segment and price de? ation in certain mathematical product categories in our Walmart U. S. segment. Net sales in ? cal 2009 increased due to our global expansion activities and comparable store sales increases, offset by a $2. 3 one million million untoward currency exchange rate impact. Despite the unfavorable impact of currency exchanges rates, the International segments net sales as a region of total company net sales increased in ? scal 2010 and 2009, respect ively. Volatility in currency exchange rates may continue to impact the International segments net sales in the future day. Comparable Store Sales Comparable store sales is a measure which indicates the performance of our alive U. S. tores by measuring the growth in sales for such stores for a particular period over the corresponding period in the prior year. Comparable store sales in the United States slumpd 0. 8% in ? scal 2010 and increased 3. 5% in ? scal 2009. Although customer traf? c increased in ? scal 2010, comparable store sales in the United States were lower than ? scal 2009 due to de? ation in certain merchandise categories and lower fuel prices. Comparable store sales in the United States in ? scal 2009 were higher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than ? scal 2008 due to an increase in customer traf? c, as well as an increase in average exploit size per customer.As we continue to add new stores in the United States, we do so with an understanding that addition al stores may take sales away from existing units. We estimate the negatively charged impact on comparable store sales as a result of opening new stores was approximately 0. 6% in ? scal 2010 and 1. 1% in ? scal 2009. With our planned slower new store growth, we expect the impact of new stores on comparable store sales to stabilize over time. Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2010 2009 2008 Walmart U. S. Sams Club (1) -0. 7% -1. 4% 3. 2% 4. 9% 1. 0% 4. 9% Total U. S. -0. 8% 3. 5% 1. 6% (1) Sams Club comparable club sales include fuel.Fuel sales had a negative impact of 2. 1 percentage points in ? scal year 2010, and positive impact of 1. 2 and 0. 7 percentage points in ? scal years 2009 and 2008, respectively, on comparable club sales. Walmart 2010 Annual Report 17 107077_L01_FIN_02. indd 17 4/6/10 121046 AM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Leverage Fiscal Years Ended January 31, (Dollar amounts in millions) 2009 2010 operational in come Percent of total Percent increase in operation(p) income 2008 Percent of total Percent increase direct income Percent of total Walmart U.S. International Sams Club another(prenominal) $19,522 5,033 1,512 (2,117) 81. 5% 21. 0% 6. 3% -8. 8% 5. 2% 1. 9% -8. 1% -9. 9% $18,562 4,940 1,646 (2,350) 81. 4% 21. 7% 7. 2% -10. 3% 6. 8% 4. 6% -0. 1% 30. 3% $17,383 4,725 1,648 (1,804) 79. 2% 21. 5% 7. 5% -8. 2% Total operating income $23,950 100. 0% 5. 1% $22,798 100. 0% 3. 9% $21,952 100. 0% We turn over growing operating income at a faster rate than net sales growth is a meaningful measure because it indicates how effectively we manage costs and leverage operating expenses. Our quarry is to grow operating expenses at a slower rate than net sales. nd ending total assets of continuing operations plus store dispraise and amortisation less(prenominal) accounts payable and accrued liabilities for that period, plus a rent factor cope with to the rent for the ? scal year multiplied by a factor of eight. operational Expenses In ? scal 2010, operating expenses increased 2. 7% when compared to ? scal 2009, while net sales increased 1. 0% over the same period. Operating expenses grew at a faster rate than net sales due to higher wellness bene? t costs, restructuring charges and higher advertising expenses. In ? scal 2009, operating expenses increased 9. % compared to ? scal 2008 while net sales increased 7. 3% over the same period. Operating expenses grew at a faster rate than net sales in ? scal 2009 in the first place due to higher advantage costs, legal matters, higher health bene? t costs and increased corporate expenses. ROI is considered a non-GAAP ? nancial measure under the SECs rules. We consider return on assets (ROA) to be the ? nancial measure computed in accordance with GAAP that is the most immediately comparable ? nancial measure to ROI as we calculate that ? nancial measure. ROI differs from ROA (which is income from continuing operations for the ? cal year divided by average total assets of continuing operations for the period) because ROI adjusts operating income to exclude certain expense items and adds interest income adjusts total assets from continuing operations for the impact of accumulated depreciation and amortization, accounts payable and accrued liabilities and incorporates a factor of rent to come up at total invested corking. Operating Income For ? scal 2010, we met our objective of growing operating income at a faster rate than net sales. Our operating income increased by 5. 1% when compared to ? cal 2009, while net sales increased by 1. 0% over the same period. Our Walmart U. S. and International segments met this objective. Our Sams Club segment fell short of this objective in the main due to a $174 million charge to restructure its operations, including the closure of 10 clubs. For ? scal 2009, we did not meet our objective because our operating income increased by 3. 9% when compared to ? scal 2008, wh ile net sales increased by 7. 3% over the same period. The Walmart U. S. and Sams Club segments fell short of this objective due to increases in operating expenses.The International segment fell short of this objective due to accruals for certain legal matters and ? uctuations in currency exchange rates. Although ROI is a standard ? nancial metric, legion(predicate) methods exist for calculating a companys ROI. As a result, the method employ by management to calculate ROI may differ from the methods other companies use to calculate their ROI. We urge you to understand the methods used by another company to calculate its ROI before comparing our ROI to that of such other company. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Operating Income (Amounts in millions) 24,000 effects founder on Investment Management believes return on investment is a meaningful metric to share with investors because it helps investors assess how effectively Walmart is employing its assets. Trends in ROI can ? uctuate over tim e as management balances semipermanent potential strategic initiatives with any possible short-term impacts. ROI was 19. 3 percent for both ? scal years ended January 31, 2010 and 2009. $18,000 Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. operating income increased 5. 1% in ? scal 2010, drive by a 5. 2% increase in Walmart U. S. $12,000 $ 6,000 We de? e ROI as adjusted operating income (operating income plus interest income, depreciation and amortization and rent expense) for the ? scal year divided by average invested working capital during that period. We consider average invested capital to be the average of our beginning 0 08 09 10 Fiscal Years 18 Walmart 2010 Annual Report 107077_L01_FIN. indd 18 4/6/10 101920 PM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations The calculation of ROI along with a reconciliation to the calculation of ROA, the most comparable GAAP ? nancial measurement, is as follows For the Years Ended January 31, Dollar amounts in millions) 2010 2 009 Numerator Operating income (1) + Interest income (1) + Depreciation and amortization (1) + Rent (1) $ 23,950 181 7,157 1,808 $ 22,798 284 6,739 1,751 = Adjusted operating income $ 33,096 $ 31,572 Denominator mediocre total assets of continuing operations (2) + Average accumulated depreciation and amortization (2) Average accounts payable (2) Average accrued liabilities (2) + Rent x 8 $166,900 38,359 29,650 18,423 14,464 $162,891 33,317 29,597 16,919 14,008 = Average invested capital $171,650 $163,700 CALCULATION OF RETURN ON INVESTMENT Return on investment (ROI) 19. 3% 19. 3%CALCULATION OF RETURN ON ASSETS Numerator Income from continuing operations (1) $ 14,927 $ 13,753 Denominator Average total assets of continuing operations (2) $166,900 $162,891 Return on assets (ROA) 8. 9% 8. 4% As of January 31, 2010 Certain Balance Sheet Data (1) Total assets of continuing operations Accumulated depreciation and amortization Accounts payable Accrued liabilities 2009 2008 $170,566 41,21 0 30,451 18,734 $163,234 35,508 28,849 18,112 $162,547 31,125 30,344 15,725 (1) Based on continuing operations only and therefore excludes the impact of closing 23 stores and the divesture of other properties of The Seiyu, Ltd. now Walmart Japan) pursuant(predicate) to a restructuring class adopted during the third quarter of ? scal 2009. All of these activities have been disclosed as discontinued operations. Total assets as of January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 in the table above exclude assets of discontinued operations that are re? ected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets of $140 million, $195 million and $967 million, respectively. (2) The average is based on the addition of the account balance at the end of the flow period to the account balance at the end of the prior period and dividing by 2. Walmart 2010 Annual Report 19 107077_L01_FIN_02. indd 19 /6/10 121047 AM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations drop off Cash Flow We de? n e let go bills ? ow as net change provided by operating activities of continuing operations in a period minus payments for berth and equipment made in that period. We generated positive free exchange ? ow of $14. 1 billion, $11. 6 billion and $5. 7 billion for the years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The increase in our free quality ? ow is to begin with the result of improved operating results and farm animal management. The following table sets forth a reconciliation of free cash ? w, a nonGAAP ? nancial measure, to net cash provided by operating activities of continuing operations, a GAAP measure, which we believe to be the GAAP ? nancial measure most directly comparable to free cash ? ow, as well as information regarding net cash used in investing activities and net cash used in ? nancing activities. Fiscal Years Ended January 31, (Amounts in millions) warrant cash ? ow is considered a non-GAAP ? nancial measure under the SECs rules. Management be lieves, however, that free cash ? ow, which measures our ability to generate additional cash from our business operations, is an important ? ancial measure for use in evaluating the companys ? nancial performance. clear cash ? ow should be considered in addition to, rather than as a substitute for, income from continuing operations as a measure of our performance and net cash provided by operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. Additionally, our de? nition of free cash ? ow is limited, in that it does not represent residual cash ? ows available for discretionary expenditures due to the fact that the measure does not infer the payments required for debt service and other contractual obligations or payments made for business acquisitions.Therefore, we believe it is important to view free cash ? ow as a measure that provides supplemental information to our entire statement of cash ? ows. Although other companies report their free cash ? ow, numerous methods may exist for c alculating a companys free cash ? ow. As a result, the method used by our management to calculate free cash ? ow may differ from the methods other companies use to calculate their free cash ? ow. We urge you to understand the methods used by another company to calculate its free cash ? ow before comparing our free cash ? ow to that of such other company.We generated positive free cash flow of $14. 1 billion, $11. 6 billion and $5. 7 billion for the years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The increase in our free cash flow is primarily the result of improved operating results and inventory management. Net cash provided by operating activities Payments for property and equipment Free cash ? ow Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in ?nancing activities 2010 $26,249 (12,184) $ 14,065 2009 2008 $ 23,147 $ 20,642 (11,499) (14,937) $ 11,648 $ 5,705 $(11,620) $(10,742) $(15,670) $(14,191) $ (9,918) $ (7,422)Results of Operations The following discussion of our Results of Operations is based on our continuing operations and excludes any results or discussion of our discontinued operations. Unusual or infrequent items that impacted our income from continuing operations during the ? scal years ended 2010, 2009 and 2008 were as follows In ? scal 2010, the company announced several(prenominal) organizational changes, including the closure of 10 Sams Clubs, designed to corroborate and streamline our operations. As a result, we recorded $260 million in pre-tax restructuring charges. In ? cal 2010, we recorded $372 million in net tax bene? ts primarily from the repatriation of certain non-U. S. earnings that increased U. S. foreign tax credits. In ? scal 2009, the company colonised 63 wage-and-hour class action lawsuits. As a result of the settlement, the company recorded a pre-tax charge of approximately $382 million during the fourth quarter of ? scal 2009. In ? scal 2008, we reduced our accrued liabilities for our general liability and workers compensation claims. As a result, operating expenses were reduced by a pre-tax amount of $298 million. 20 Walmart 2010 Annual Report 07077_L01_FIN. indd 20 4/7/10 121415 AM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Consolidated Results of Operations Fiscal Year Net Sales (1) % Change from antecedent Fiscal Year 2010 2009 2008 $405,046 401,087 373,821 1. 0% 7. 3% 8. 4% Operating Income (1) Operating Income as a Percentage of Net Sales Comp Sales Unit Counts unbowed Footage (2) $23,950 22,798 21,952 5. 9% 5. 7% 5. 9% -0. 8% 3. 5% 1. 6% 8,416 7,863 7,239 952,204 918,008 867,448 (1) Amounts in millions (2) Amounts in thousands Our consolidated net sales increased by 1. 0% and 7. 3% in ? cal 2010 and 2009, respectively, when compared to the previous ? scal year. Net sales in ? scal 2010 increased due to increased customer traf? c, continued global expansion activities and the acquisition of D&038S in January 2009, offset primarily by a $9. 8 billion unfavorable currency exchange rate impact in our International segment and price de? ation in certain merchandise categories in our Walmart U. S. segment. Net sales in ? scal 2009 increased due to our global store expansion activities, comparable store sales increases, offset by a $2. 3 billion unfavorable currency exchange rate impact.Volatility in currency exchange rates may continue to impact the International segments net sales in the future. Our gross pro? t, as a percentage of net sales, (our gross pro? t margin) was 24. 8%, 24. 2% and 24. 0% in ? scal 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Our Walmart U. S. and International segment sales yield higher gross pro? t margins than our Sams Club segment. In ? scal 2010, gross pro? t margin increased primarily due to the continued focus on enhanced merchandising strategies and better inventory management in our Walmart U. S. and Sams Club segments. The gross pro? margin increase in ? scal 2009 compared to ? scal 2008 was primarily due to lower inventory shrinkage and less markdown activity as a result of more effective merchandising in the Walmart U. S. segment. Operating expenses, as a percentage of net sales, were 19. 7%, 19. 3% and 19. 0% for ? scal 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. In ? scal 2010, operating expenses increased primarily due to higher health bene? t costs, a pre-tax charge of $260 million relating to the restructuring of U. S. operations and higher advertising expenses. In ? scal 2009, operating expenses increased rimarily due to higher utility costs, a pre-tax charge of approximately $382 million resulting from the settlement of 63 wage-and-hour class action lawsuits, higher health bene? t costs and increased corporate expenses compared to ? scal 2008. Our effective income tax rate was 32. 4% for ? scal year 2010 and 34. 2% for ? scal years 2009 and 2008. The ? scal 2010 effective tax rate rock-bottom compared to ? scal 2009 due to $372 million in net tax bene? ts that pri marily resulted from the repatriation of certain non-U. S. earnings that increased our work of U. S. foreign tax credits.As a result of the factors discussed above, we reported $14. 9 billion, $13. 8 billion and $13. 3 billion of income from continuing operations for the ? scal years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. Walmart U. S. Segment Fiscal Year Net Sales (1) % Change from Prior Fiscal Year 2010 2009 2008 $258,229 255,348 238,915 1. 1% 6. 9% 5. 6% Operating Income (1) Operating Income as a Percentage of Net Sales Comp Sales Unit Counts Square Footage (2) $19,522 18,562 17,383 7. 6% 7. 3% 7. 3% -0. 7% 3. 2% 1. 0% 3,708 3,656 3,550 602,908 589,299 566,629 (1) Amounts in millions (2) Amounts in thousands The segment net sales growth in ? cal 2010 resulted from an increase in customer traf? c and strength in our food for thought market and health and wellness categories, as well as our continued expansion activities. In ? scal 2009, the segment net sales growt h resulted from a comparable store sales increase of 3. 2%, in addition to our expansion activities. Strength in the grocery, health and wellness and entertainment categories, as well as strong seasonal sales throughout the year also contributed to the ? scal 2009 net sales increase. The segment net sales growth in fiscal 2010 resulted from an increase in customer traffic and strength in our grocery and health and ellness categories, as well as our continued expansion activities. Walmart 2010 Annual Report 21 107077_L01_FIN. indd 107077_L01_FIN. indd 21 4/6/10 82551 PM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Comparable store sales were lower in ? scal 2010, despite increased customer traf? c, due to a drop in average act size per customer driven by price de? ation in certain merchandise categories. Comparable store sales were higher in ? scal 2009 due to an increase in customer traf? c, as well as an increase in average transaction size per customer. In ? scal 2010, gross pro? margin increased 0. 7 percentage points compared to the prior year due to more effective merchandising, better inventory management and lower inventory shrinkage. In ? scal 2009, gross pro? t margin increased 0. 4 percentage points compared to the prior year primarily due to fall markdown activity and lower inventory shrinkage. The improvements in both years were attributable to merchandising initiatives that have improved home allocation, enhanced our price leadership and increased supply chain ef? ciencies. Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, increased by 0. 4 percentage points in ? cal 2010 compared to ? scal 2009 due to lower segment net sales increases compared to the prior year, higher health bene? t costs, higher advertising expenses and a pre-tax charge of $73 million relating to the restructuring of Walmart U. S. operations. Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, increased 0. 4 percentage points in ? scal 2009 compared to the prior year due to hurricane-related expenses, higher inducement payments for store associates, higher utility costs and an increase in health bene? t costs. International Segment Net Sales (1) 2010 2009 2008 Operating Income (1) Operating Income a s a Percentage f Net Sales Unit Counts Square Footage (2 ) $100,107 98,840 90,570 Fiscal Year % Change from Prior Fiscal Year 1. 3% 9. 1% 17. 8% $5,033 4,940 4,725 5. 0% 5. 0% 5. 2% 4,112 3,605 3,098 269,894 248,803 222,583 (1) Amounts in millions (2) Amounts in thousands At January 31, 2010, our International segment was comprised of our wholly-owned subsidiaries operating in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom, our majority-owned subsidiaries operating in ? ve countries in Central America, and in Chile and Mexico, our joint ventures in India and China and our other controlled subsidiaries in China.The ? scal 2010 increase in the International segments n et sales primarily resulted from our expansion activities and the cellular inclusion of the results of D&038S, acquired in January 2009, offset by the unfavorable impact of changes in currency exchange rates of $9. 8 billion. For additional information regarding our acquisitions, refer to Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The ? scal 2009 increase in the International segments net sales was primarily due to net sales growth from existing units and our international expansion program, offset by the unfavorable impact of changes in currency exchange rates of $2. billion. The fiscal 2010 increase in the International segments net sales primarily resulted from our expansion activities and the inclusion of the results of D&038S, acquired in January 2009, offset by the unfavorable impact of changes in currency exchange rates of $9. 8 billion. In ? scal 2010, the International segments gross pro? t margin increased 0. 2 percentage points compared to the prior year. The increa se was primarily driven by currency exchange rate ? uctuations and the inclusion of D&038S. In ? scal 2009, the International segments gross pro? t margin decreased 0. percentage points compared to the prior year. The decrease was primarily driven by growth in lower margin fuel sales in the United Kingdom and the transition to EDLP as a strategy in Japan. Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, increased 0. 3 percentage points in ? scal 2010 compared to the prior year primarily as a result of the inclusion of D&038S, acquired in January 2009. Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, in ? scal 2009 were consistent with ? scal 2008. In ? scal 2010, currency exchange rate changes unfavorably impacted operating income by $540 million.In ? scal 2009, currency exchange rate changes unfavorably impacted operating income by $266 million. Volatility in currency exchange rates may continue to impact the International segments operating result s in the future. 22 Walmart 2010 Annual Report 107077_L01_FIN. indd 107077_L01_FIN. indd 22 4/6/10 82551 PM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Sams Club Segment Fiscal Year Net Sales (1) % Change from Prior Fiscal Year Operating Income (1) Operating Income a s a Percentage of Net Sales Comp Sales Unit Counts Square Footage (2 ) $46,710 46,899 44,336 0. 4% 5. 8% 6. 6% $1,512 1,646 1,648 3. 2% 3. 5% 3. 7% -1. 4% 4. 9% 4. 9% 596 602 591 79,401 79,906 78,236 2010 2009 2008 (1) Amounts in millions (2) Amounts in thousands The decrease in net sales for the Sams Club segment in ? scal 2010 primarily resulted from lower fuel prices compared to the previous ? scal year. In ? scal 2009, the segment net sales growth resulted from a comparable club sales increase, including fuel, of 4. 9% and continued club expansion activities. Membership and other income, as a percentage of segment net sales, decreased meagrely for ? scal 2010 when compared t o ? scal 2009.Membership and other income, as a percentage of segment net sales, decreased slightly for ? scal 2009 when compared to ? scal 2008. Liquidity and outstanding Resources Comparable club sales decreased during ? scal 2010 due to the negative impact of 2. 1 percentage points from lower fuel prices when compared to the previous ? scal year, partially offset by sales increases in uninfected food, consumables and certain health and wellness categories. In ? scal 2009, comparable club sales increased due to growth in food, pharmacy, electronics and certain consumables categories, as well as an increase in both member traf? and average transaction size per member. Fuel sales had a positive impact of 1. 2 percentage points in ? scal 2009 on comparable club sales. Gross pro? t margin increased 0. 6 percentage points during ? scal 2010 compared to the prior year due to continued strength in sales of consumable, fresh food and other food-related categories. Gross pro? t margin in creased 0. 1 percentage points during ? scal 2009 compared to the prior year due to strong sales in fresh food and other food-related categories, consumable categories and the positive impact of a higher fuel gross pro? t rate.Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, increased 0. 8 percentage points in ? scal 2010 compared to the prior year due primarily to a pre-tax charge of $174 million related to the restructuring of Sams Club operations, including the closure of 10 clubs. Segment operating expenses, as a percentage of segment net sales, increased 0. 2 percentage points in ? scal 2009 compared to the prior year. In ? scal 2009, operating expense increases were impacted by higher utility and health bene? t costs and hurricane-related expenses. Cash flows provided by operating activities upply us with a operative source of liquidity. We use these cash flows, supplemented with semipermanent debt and short-term borrowings, to neckcloth our operations and g lobal expansion activities. Generally, some or all of the remaining free cash flow funds the dividends on our common stock and share salvations. Cash ? ows provided by operating activities supply us with a signi? coin bank source of liquidity. We use these cash ? ows, supplemented with long-term debt and short-term borrowings, to fund our operations and global expansion activities. Generally, some or all of the remaining free cash ? w funds the dividends on our common stock and share repurchases. Fiscal Years Ended January 31, (Amounts in millions) 2010 Net cash provided by operating activities Payments for property and equipment Free cash ? ow 2009 2008 $ 26,249 $ 23,147 $ 20,642 (12,184) (11,499) (14,937) $ 14,065 $ 11,648 $ 5,705 Net cash used in investing activities Net cash used in ?nancing activities $(11,620) $(10,742) $(15,670) $(14,191) $ (9,918) $ (7,422) Cash ? ow provided by operating activities was $26. 2 billion, $23. 1 billion and $20. 6 billion for the years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. The increases in cash ? ws provided by operating activities for each ? scal year were primarily attributable to an increase in income from continuing operations and improved working capital management. Working Capital Current liabilities exceeded current assets at January 31, 2010, by $7. 2 billion, an increase of $789 million from January 31, 2009. Our ratio of current assets to current liabilities was 0. 9 at January 31, 2010 and 2009. We generally have a working capital de? cit due to our ef? cient use of cash in funding operations and in providing returns to shareholders in the form of stock repurchases and payment of dividends.Walmart 2010 Annual Report 23 107077_L01_FIN. indd 107077_L01_FIN. indd 23 4/7/10 10636 AM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Capital Resources During ? scal 2010, we issued $5. 5 billion of long-term debt. The net harvesting from the issuance of such long-te rm debt were used for general corporate purposes. During ? scal 2009, we issued $6. 6 billion of long-term debt. Those net proceeds were used to repay undischarged commercial paper duty and for other general corporate purposes. Management believes that cash ? ws from continuing operations and proceeds from the issuance of short-term borrowings will be suf? cient to ? nance seasonal buildups in merchandise inventories and meet other cash requirements. If our operating cash ? ows are not suf? cient to pay dividends and to fund our capital expenditures, we anticipate funding any shortfall in these expenditures with a combination of short-term borrowings and long-term debt. We plan to re? nance existing long-term debt as it matures and may desire to obtain additional long-term ? nancing for other corporate purposes. We anticipate no dif? culty in obtaining long-term ? ancing in view of our credit ratings and favorable experiences in the debt market in the late past. The following tab le details the ratings of the credit rating agencies that rated our outstanding indebtedness at January 31, 2010. The rating agency ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold our commercial paper or debt securities. Each rating may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning rating organization and should be evaluated one by one of any other rating. Global Expansion Activities Cash paid for property and equipment was $12. 2 billion, $11. 5 billion and $14. billion during the ? scal years ended January 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. These expenditures primarily relate to new store growth, as well as remodeling costs for existing stores. We expect to incur capital expenditures of approximately $13. 0 billion to $15. 0 billion in ? scal 2011. We plan to ? nance this expansion and any acquisitions of other operations that we may make during ? scal 2011 primarily from cash ? ows from operations. Fiscal 2011 capital expenditures will include the ad dition of the following new, relocated and expanded units in the U. S. Fiscal Year 2011 Projected Unit Growth Walmart U.S. Segment Sams Club Segment 145-160 5-10 150-170 Total U. S. Additionally, the International segment expects to add more than 600 units during ? scal year 2011. The following represents an allocation of our capital expenditures rating Agency Commercial Paper Standard &038 Poors saturnines Investors Service Fitch Ratings DBRS Limited Long-term Debt A-1+ P-1 F1+ R-1(middle) AA Aa2 AA AA To varan our credit ratings and our capacity for long-term ? nancing, we consider various qualitative and quantitative factors. We monitor the ratio of our debt to our total capitalization as support for our long-term ? nancing decisions.At January 31, 2010 and January 31, 2009, the ratio of our debt to total capitalization was 36. 9% and 39. 3%, respectively. For the purpose of this calculation, debt is de? ned as the sum of short-term borrowings, long-term debt due within one y ear, obligations under capital leases due in one year, long-term debt and long-term obligations under capital leases. Total capitalization is de? ned as debt plus total Walmart shareholders equity. Our ratio of debt to our total capitalization decreased in ? scal 2010 primarily due to a decrease in short-term borrowings. We expect to incur capital expenditures of approximately $13. 0 billion to $15. billion in fiscal 2011. We plan to finance this expansion and any acquisitions of other operations that we may make during fiscal 2011 primarily from cash flows from operations. Allocation of Capital Expenditures Projected Capital Expenditures New stores, including expansions and relocations Remodels randomness systems, distribution and other Total U. S. International Total Capital Expenditures positive Fiscal Year 2011 Fiscal Year Fiscal Year 2010 2009 31% 15% 29% 17% 34% 10% 21% 23% 20% 67% 69% 64% 33% 31% 36% 100% 100% 100% Common Stock Dividends We paid dividends of $1. 09 per shar e in ? scal 2010, representing a 15% increase over ? cal 2009. The ? scal 2009 dividend of $0. 95 per share represented an 8% increase over ? scal 2008. We have increased our dividend every year since the ? rst dividend was declared in March 1974. On March 4, 2010, the companys Board of Directors approved an increase in the annual dividend for ? scal 2011 to $1. 21 per share, an increase of 11% over the dividends paid in ? scal 2010. The annual dividend will be paid in four quarterly installments on April 5, 2010, June 1, 2010, kinfolk 7, 2010 and January 3, 2011 to holders of record on March 12, May 14, August 13 and celestial latitude 10, 2010, respectively. 4 Walmart 2010 Annual Report 107077_L01_FIN. indd 107077_L01_FIN. indd 24 4/6/10 82552 PM Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Company Share buyback Program From time to time, we have repurchased shares of our common stock under a $15. 0 billion share repurchase program authori zed by our Board of Directors on June 4, 2009 and announced on June 5, 2009, which replaced and terminated a $15. 0 billion share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors on May 31, 2007 and announced on June 1, 2007.As was the case with the replaced share repurchase program, the new program has no expiration date or other restrictions limiting the period over which we can make our share repurchases, and will expire only when and if we have repurchased $15. 0 billion of our shares under the program or we terminate or replace the program. Any repurchased shares are constructively retired and returned to unissued status. We spent $7. 3 billion, $3. 5 billion and $7. 7 billion in share repurchases during ? scal year 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively.We consider several factors in determining when to range the share repurchases, including among other things, our current cash needs, our capacity for leverage, our cost of borrowings and the market price of our common stock. As of January 31, 2010, the program had approximately $9. 2 billion remaining authorization for share repurchases. Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments The following table sets forth certain information concerning our obligations and commitments to make contractual future payments, such as debt and lease agreements, and contingent commitmentsPayments Due During Fiscal Years Ending January 31, (Amounts in millions) Recorded contractual obligations Long-term debt Short-term borrowings Capital lease obligations Unrecorded contractual obligations Non-cancelable operating leases Interest on long-term debt Trade letters of credit purchase obligations Total commercial commitments Additionally, the company has approximately $11. 2 billion in undrawn lines of credit and understudy letters of credit which, if drawn upon, would be included in the liabilities department of the Consolidated Balance Sheets.Purchase obligations include legally backbone contracts such as ? rm commitments for inventory and utility purchases, as well as commitments to make capital expenditures, software acquisition/license commitments and legally binding service contracts. Purchase orders for the purchase of inventory and other services are not included in the table above. Purchase orders represent authorizations to purchase rather than binding agreements. For the purposes of this table, contractual obligations for purchase of goods or services are de? ned as agreements that are enforceable and legally binding and that specify all signi? ant terms, including ? xed or minimum quantities to be purchased ? xed, minimum or variable price nourishment and the approximate timing of the transaction. Our purchase orders are based on our current inventory needs and are ful? lled by our suppliers within short time periods. We also enter into contracts for outsourced services however, the obligations under these contracts are not signi? flip and the contracts generally contain clau ses allowing for cancellation without signi? cant penalty. Total 2011 2012-2013 2014-2015 Thereafter $37,281 523 5,584 $ 4,050